Extracting Pesticides from Shallots Utilizing Environmentally Friendly Vapors of In Situ Plasmon-Activated Water

Today, the issues of environmental science and sustainable development are consistently highly valued. Furthermore, water is the most abundant and recyclable substance on earth and is also the most environmentally friendly solvent and reactant in the fields of chemistry and physics. Traditionally, pesticides were extracted utilizing organic solvents, which are effective but are harmful to the environment. In this work, in situ vapor of plasmon-activated water (PAW) was first utilized to effectively extract lipophilic pesticides from shallots. Compared to extraction with conventional deionized water (DIW) vapor, tricyclazole (TC), sulfoxaflor (SF), and imidacloprid (IM) could more effectively be extracted from shallots utilizing in situ PAW vapor, which was confirmed by analyses of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of the pesticides and their corresponding liquid chromatographic (LC)/tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) spectra. Moreover, the degree of swelling of artificial skin was more significant under an atmosphere of in situ PAW vapor, which makes extracting pesticides more effective. Active and more energetic in situ PAW vapor has emerged as a promising green solvent that can be applied for removing pesticides from crops. The environmentally friendly extraction strategies we developed provide an innovative idea for green science that avoids using harmful reagents

Additional file 1 of Gao-Zi-Yao improves learning and memory function in old spontaneous hypertensive rats

Additional file 1. Western Supplement

Effects of CRS on mice body weight gain and plasma corticosterone concentrations.

<p><b>A</b>: On day 4, 9, 14, and 19 after depilation, body weight gain was significantly inhibited in CRS group compared with control group. <b>B</b>: The plasma corticosterone concentrations of mice for day 9 were shown on the left and the data for day 19 on the right. Data are presented as mean ± SEM, n = 9 in each group, * <i>P</i><0.05 compared with control group.</p

Effects of stress on the hair cycle stage.

<p><b>A</b>: A representative area of each group on day 9 and day 19 after depilation with the majority of hair follicles. Original magnification was×100. <b>B</b>: The results of hair follicles score for day 9 were shown on the left and the data for day 19 on the right. The Y axis depicted histometric score assessed anagen induction. For each mouse a minimum of 10 individual visual fields were assigned to define hair cycle stages. Data were presented as mean ± SEM, n = 9 in each group, * <i>P</i><0.05 compared with control group, † <i>P</i><0.05 compared with CRS group.</p

CRS increases amount of SP+ nerve fibers in dermis on day 19.

<p>A representative area of dermis in each group on day 19 after depilation was shown. The nerve fiber was stained continuous green linear and SP+ nerve fiber was stained red. Original magnification was×500. n = 6 in each group.</p

Effects of CRS on skin mast cell activation in dermis.

<p><b>A</b>: A representative area of dermis in each group on day 9 and day 19 after depilation was shown. Original magnificaiton was×400. Dark blue stained cells are mast cells. <b>B</b>: The degranulated mast cells in each group on day 9 were shown on the left and day 19 on the right. Data were presented as mean ± SEM, n = 6 in each group, * <i>P</i><0.05 compared with control group, † <i>P</i><0.05 compared with CRS group.</p

CRS induces skin tissue oxidative stress.

<p><b>A</b>: TBARS levels in mice skin tissue on day 9 shown on the left and on day 19 shown on the right. <b>B</b>: SOD activities in skin on day 9 shown on the left and on day 19 shown on the right. <b>C</b>: GSH-Px activities in skin on day 9 shown on the left and on day 19 shown on the right. Data were presented as mean ± SEM, n = 9 in each group, * <i>P</i><0.05 compared with control group, † <i>P</i><0.05 compared with CRS group.</p

CRS increases amount of SP+ nerve fibers in dermis on day 9.

<p>A representative area of dermis in each group on day 9 after depilation was shown. The nerve fiber was stained continuous green linear and SP+ nerve fiber was stained red. Original magnification was×500. n = 6 in each group,</p

Macroscopic observations of the hair cycle.

<p>The hair shafts of murine skin were shaven by animal clippers beforehand. <b>A</b>: The significant area of color in the mouse dorsal skin was surrounded by a red line. <b>B</b>: The corresponding skin color gray-scale ratio on day 9 was shown on the left and day 19 on the right. Data were presented as mean ± SEM, n = 9 in each group, * <i>P</i><0.05 compared with control group, † <i>P</i><0.05 compare with CRS group.</p

Schematic diagram of oxidative stress affects hair follicles cycling induced by psychological stress.

<p>Oxidative stress delay the anagen of hair cycle and activate SP-Mast cell pathway, and SP also affects oxidative stress in skin.</p