Flow diagram of study design.

ICD-9-CM: International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification.</p

Multivariate logistic regression analysis of the risk of peripheral artery occlusive disease among patients with vertigo, tinnitus, or sudden deafness.

<p>Multivariate logistic regression analysis of the risk of peripheral artery occlusive disease among patients with vertigo, tinnitus, or sudden deafness.</p

The tinnitus scores of four groups after intraperitoneal saline or salicylate injection.

<p>The tinnitus scores were significantly higher in the salicylate group than the control group on each day. In addition, the tinnitus scores of the <i>Spirulina</i> group and <i>C-PC</i> group were significantly lower than those of the salicylate group on each day (*p<0.001 at days 1, 2, and 3 for both groups; **p = 0.037 and 0.005 on day 4, respectively).</p

The levels of TNF-α protein expression in the IC (a,b).

<p>There are significant differences in these levels among the four groups. The TNF-α mRNA expression were not significantly higher in the salicylate group than the control group. Compared to the tinnitus group, the <i>Spirulina</i> group (*) or <i>C-PC</i> group (**) exhibits significantly reduced TNF-α protein levels in the IC.</p

The levels of TNF-α mRNA expression in the four groups (a,b).

<p>There are significant differences in these levels among the four groups. The TNF-α mRNA expression were significantly higher in the salicylate group than the control group. Compared to the tinnitus group, the <i>Spirulina</i> group (*) or <i>C-PC</i> group (**) exhibits significantly reduced TNF-α mRNA levels in the cochlea and IC.</p

Basic characteristics of patients with peripheral artery occlusive disease and controls.

<p>Basic characteristics of patients with peripheral artery occlusive disease and controls.</p

Multivariate logistic regression analyses of peripheral artery occlusive disease among male and female patients with vertigo.

<p>Multivariate logistic regression analyses of peripheral artery occlusive disease among male and female patients with vertigo.</p

The levels of NR2B protein expression in the IC (a,b).

<p>There are significant differences in these levels among the four groups. The NR2B mRNA expression were not significantly higher in the salicylate group than the control group. Compared to the tinnitus group, the <i>Spirulina</i> group (*) or <i>C-PC</i> group (**) exhibits significantly reduced NR2B protein levels in the IC.</p

The levels of IL-1β protein expression in the IC (a,b).

<p>There are significant differences in these levels among four groups. The IL-1β protein expression were not significantly higher in the salicylate group than the control group. Compared to the tinnitus group, the <i>Spirulina</i> group (*) or <i>C-PC</i> group (**) exhibits significantly reduced TNF-α protein levels in the IC.</p

The levels of IL-1β mRNA expression in the four groups (a,b).

<p>There are significant differences in these levels among four groups. The IL-1β mRNA expression were significantly higher in the salicylate group than the control group. Compared to the tinnitus group, the <i>Spirulina</i> group (*) exhibits significantly reduced IL-1β mRNA level in the IC, whereas the <i>C-PC</i> group (**) exhibits significantly reduced IL-1β mRNA level in the cochlea and IC.</p