4,878 research outputs found
What predicts whether foreign doctorate recipients from U.S. institutions stay in the United States
This study examines the trend of foreign doctorate recipients from U.S. higher education institutions who decided to stay in the United States after their degree completion, and it explores individual, institutional, and country factors predicting whether the foreign doctorate recipients stay in the United States or return home. Analyzing data from the Survey of Earned Doctorates by the National Science Foundation, this study focuses on foreign doctorate recipients in science and engineering fields from 20 sending countries during 2000 to 2010. Whether or not a foreign doctorate recipient in science and engineering fields decides to stay in the United State significantly affects the economic performance, knowledge flow, and innovation of both the United States and sending countries. This study uses the push-pull theory of international migration with an economic perspective as a lens to understand individuals' decisions to stay in the United States. Approximately 81% of the study sample decided to stay in the United States after they earned their PhD degrees. Chinese doctorate recipients were most likely to stay; however, a slowdown of Chinese doctorate recipients' staying was detected in recent years. A series of logistic regressions show that while individual characteristics and their home country variables greatly predict foreign doctorate recipients' decisions to stay in the United States, where they earned their doctoral degrees does not significantly influence their decisions to stay in the United States, except in the most prestigious institutions. Foreign doctorate recipients who planned to work in industry were more likely to stay in the United States, while those who graduated from the most prestigious doctoral programs were more likely to leave the United States. The home country's high unemployment rate tended to increase the foreign doctorate recipients' odds of staying in the United States. The country of origin was an important predictor of the stay pattern. These findings suggest important implications for the U.S. visa policies regarding recruiting foreign-born highly skilled workers and international students. For sending countries, the findings imply that improving their higher education sector and creating R&D employment in their home countries would decrease the brain drain of their students over the long term
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Sociodemographic factors associated with the use of mental health services in depressed adults: results from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES)
Background: The aims of this study were to determine the utilization of mental health services (MHSs) by adults with a depressive mood and to identify the influencing sociodemographic factors, using a nationwide representative Korean sample. Methods: The study included 2735 subjects, aged 19 years or older, who had experienced a depressive mood continuously for over 2 weeks within the previous year, using the data from the KNHANES IV (Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey), which was performed between 2007 and 2009, and involved a nationally representative sample of the Korean community population who were visited at home. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the adjusted odd ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the use of MHSs, which was defined as using healthcare institutions, consulting services, and inpatient or outpatient treatments due to mental health problems. Results: MHSs had been used by 9.6% of the subjects with a depressive mood. The use of the MHSs was significantly associated with age, education level, and employment status, after adjusting for sociodemographic and health-related factors. Specifically, the OR for the nonuse of MHSs by the elderly (≥65 years) relative to subjects aged 19–34 years was 2.55 (95% CI = 1.13–5.76), subjects with a lower education level were less likely to use MHSs compared to those with a higher education level (7–9 years, OR = 2.35, 95% CI = 1.19–4.64; 10–12 years, OR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.07–2.56; ≥13 years, reference), and the OR of unemployed relative to employed was 0.47 (95% CI = 0.32–0.67). Conclusions: Among Korean adults with a depressive mood, the elderly, those with a lower education level, and the employed are less likely to use MHSs. These findings suggest that mental health policies should be made based on the characteristics of the population in order to reduce untreated patients with depression. Greater resources and attention to identifying and treating depression in older, less educated, and employed adults are warranted
Electrogenic transport and K(+) ion channel expression by the human endolymphatic sac epithelium.
The endolymphatic sac (ES) is a cystic organ that is a part of the inner ear and is connected to the cochlea and vestibule. The ES is thought to be involved in inner ear ion homeostasis and fluid volume regulation for the maintenance of hearing and balance function. Many ion channels, transporters, and exchangers have been identified in the ES luminal epithelium, mainly in animal studies, but there has been no functional study investigating ion transport using human ES tissue. We designed the first functional experiments on electrogenic transport in human ES and investigated the contribution of K(+) channels in the electrogenic transport, which has been rarely identified, even in animal studies, using electrophysiological/pharmacological and molecular biological methods. As a result, we identified functional and molecular evidence for the essential participation of K(+) channels in the electrogenic transport of human ES epithelium. The identified K(+) channels involved in the electrogenic transport were KCNN2, KCNJ14, KCNK2, and KCNK6, and the K(+) transports via those channels are thought to play an important role in the maintenance of the unique ionic milieu of the inner ear fluid
Quantitative Screening of Cervical Cancers for Low-Resource Settings: Pilot Study of Smartphone-Based Endoscopic Visual Inspection After Acetic Acid Using Machine Learning Techniques
Background: Approximately 90% of global cervical cancer (CC) is mostly found in low- and middle-income countries. In most cases, CC can be detected early through routine screening programs, including a cytology-based test. However, it is logistically difficult to offer this program in low-resource settings due to limited resources and infrastructure, and few trained experts. A visual inspection following the application of acetic acid (VIA) has been widely promoted and is routinely recommended as a viable form of CC screening in resource-constrained countries. Digital images of the cervix have been acquired during VIA procedure with better quality assurance and visualization, leading to higher diagnostic accuracy and reduction of the variability of detection rate. However, a colposcope is bulky, expensive, electricity-dependent, and needs routine maintenance, and to confirm the grade of abnormality through its images, a specialist must be present. Recently, smartphone-based imaging systems have made a significant impact on the practice of medicine by offering a cost-effective, rapid, and noninvasive method of evaluation. Furthermore, computer-aided analyses, including image processing-based methods and machine learning techniques, have also shown great potential for a high impact on medicinal evaluations
Microcatheter looping technique for catheterization of the proper hepatic artery through pancreaticoduodenal arcades and gastroduodenal artery in celiac axis occlusion
AbstractThe present report describes a case of successful embolization of the hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm in a 61-year-old female patient with celiac axis occlusion. Because of celiac artery occlusion, the hepatic artery had to be catheterized through the pancreaticoduodenal arcades and the gastroduodenal artery (GDA) from the superior mesenteric artery (SMA). Despite coaxial catheterization using a torque guide wire, the proper hepatic artery (PHA) could not be catheterized because of the acute angle between the GDA and the PHA. The use of the microcatheter looping technique facilitated catheterization of the PHA and subsequent embolization of the right hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm
Comparison of Clinical Manifestations between Patients with Ocular Myasthenia Gravis and Generalized Myasthenia Gravis
PURPOSE: To compare the clinical manifestations between patients with ocular myasthenia gravis and those with generalized myasthenia gravis (MG). METHODS: The medical records of 71 patients diagnosed with MG between January 1995 and December 2007 were reviewed. Demographics, sensitivities of diagnostic methods, the presence of systemic autoimmune diseases, ophthalmic complications caused by MG, and treatments were evaluated and compared. RESULTS: Fourteen patients (20%) were diagnosed with ocular MG and 57 patients (80%) with generalized MG. Sensitivities of anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody and repetitive nerve stimulation tests were significantly higher in the generalized MG group (84%, 89%) compared to those in the ocular MG group (50%, 54%) (p = 0.011, p = 0.008). The sensitivity of the neostigmine test was the highest in both groups (98% of generalized MG, 79% of ocular MG), and the difference between the two groups was borderline significant (p = 0.058). The most common symptoms were ptosis and diplopia, and both groups presented with pain, blurred vision, and tearing. Systemic autoimmune disease was more prominent in the generalized MG group (21%) than in the ocular MG group (14%), and steroid therapy was used more frequently in the generalized MG group (82%) than in the ocular MG group (57%). Ophthalmic complications associated with long-term steroid treatment were more profound in the generalized MG (30%) compared to those of the ocular MG (21%). CONCLUSIONS: The generalized MG group was associated with higher sensitivities to diagnostic tests, more systemic steroid use, higher ophthalmic complications caused by systemic autoimmune disease, and long-term steroid treatment compared to those of the ocular MG groupope
Novel Architecture of OneM2M-Based Convergence Platform for Mixed Reality and IoT
There have been numerous works proposed to merge augmented reality/mixed reality (AR/MR) and Internet of Things (IoT) in various ways. However, they have focused on their specific target applications and have limitations on interoperability or reusability when utilizing them to different domains or adding other devices to the system. This paper proposes a novel architecture of a convergence platform for AR/MR and IoT systems and services. The proposed architecture adopts the oneM2M IoT standard as the basic framework that converges AR/MR and IoT systems and enables the development of application services used in general-purpose environments without being subordinate to specific systems, domains, and device manufacturers. We implement the proposed architecture utilizing the open-source oneM2M-based IoT server and device platforms released by the open alliance for IoT standards (OCEAN) and Microsoft HoloLens as an MR device platform. We also suggest and demonstrate the practical use cases and discuss the advantages of the proposed architecture
Changes in physical activity trends and the health status in south Korean adult males before and during the COVID-19 pandemic
This study aims to investigate changes in
physical activity and health trends before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in
Korea using data from the 2019, 2020, and 2021 Korea National Sports
Participation Survey (KNSPS). A total of 15,656 adult males (5487 people in 2019,
4791 people in 2020, and 5378 people in 2021) were selected for this research.
Descriptive statistical analysis, chi-square test, and one-way analysis of
variance were performed. In this study, we revealed changes in sports activities,
participation levels, health and fitness status perception, and health and
fitness maintenance factors of Korean adults before and after the COVID-19
pandemic. Specifically, the participation rate in outdoor sports activities, such
as walking, gate ball, golf, and fishing has increased compared to before the
COVID-19 outbreak. On the other hand, the participation rate of indoor sports
activities, such as bodybuilding, swimming, yoga, and Pilates showed a decreasing
trend. Participation period, frequency, and intensity, which evaluate the level
of sports participation, also showed significant differences during COVID-19, but
as the sports participation levels have not changed regularly, it cannot be
attributed to COVID-19. Finally, health and fitness status perception were found
to be worse after the COVID-19 outbreak than before. In addition, the rate of
considering regular physical activity participation as a factor to maintain
health and fitness after the COVID-19 outbreak increased. The results of this
study can be used as basic data to recognize the impact of the pandemic on our
lives and promote healthy and regular physical activity in preparation for any
pandemic that may occur in the future
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