DataSheet1_Gas–Liquid Slug Flow Studies in Microreactors: Effect of Nanoparticle Addition on Flow Pattern and Pressure Drop.docx

Colloidal suspensions of nanoparticles (e.g., metals and oxides) have been considered as a promising working fluid in microreactors for achieving significant process intensification. Existing examples include their uses in microflow as catalysts for enhancing the reaction efficiency, or as additives to mix with the base fluid (i.e., to form the so-called nanofluids) for heat/mass transfer intensification. Thus, hydrodynamic characterization of such suspension flow in microreactors is of high importance for a rational design and operation of the system. In this work, experiments have been conducted to investigate the flow pattern and pressure drop characteristics under slug flow between N2 gas and colloidal suspensions in the presence of TiO2 or Al2O3 nanoparticles through polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) capillary microreactors. The base fluid consisted of water or its mixture with ethylene glycol. The slug flow pattern with nanoparticle addition was characterized by the presence of a lubricating liquid film around N2 bubbles, in contrast to the absence of liquid film in the case of N2-water slug flow. This shows that the addition of nanoparticles has changed the wall wetting property to be more hydrophilic. Furthermore, the measured pressure drop under N2-nanoparticle suspension slug flow is well described by the model of Kreutzer et al. (AIChE J 51(9):2428–2440, 2005) at the mixture Reynolds numbers ca. above 100 and is better predicted by the model of Warnier et al. (Microfluidics and Nanofluidics 8(1):33–45, 2010) at lower Reynolds numbers given a better consideration of the effect of film thickness and bubble velocity under such conditions in the latter model. Therefore, the employed nanoparticle suspension can be considered as a stable and pseudo single phase with proper fluid properties (e.g., viscosity and density) when it comes to the pressure drop estimation.</p

Exceptional Steric Congestion in an <i>in</i>,<i>in</i>-Bis(hydrosilane)

The synthesis and characterization of a macrobicyclic <i>in</i>,<i>in</i>-bis­(hydrosilane) is described. A combination of crystallographic and computational data indicate that the central hydrogen–hydrogen nonbonded contact distance is the shortest for any crystallographically characterized compound

Exceptional Steric Congestion in an <i>in</i>,<i>in</i>-Bis(hydrosilane)

The synthesis and characterization of a macrobicyclic <i>in</i>,<i>in</i>-bis­(hydrosilane) is described. A combination of crystallographic and computational data indicate that the central hydrogen–hydrogen nonbonded contact distance is the shortest for any crystallographically characterized compound

Multifunctional Fe₃O₄@Ag/SiO₂/Au Core–Shell Microspheres as a Novel SERS-Activity Label via Long-Range Plasmon Coupling

Noble metallic nanostructures exhibit a phenomenon known as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) in which the Raman scattering cross sections are dramatically enhanced for the molecules adsorbed thereon. Due to their wide accessible potential range in aqueous solutions and the high biocompatibility, Au supports are preferred for spectro-electrochemical investigations. However, the optical range in SERS spectroscopy is restricted to excitation lines above 600 nm, which is shorter than the Ag supports. In addition, these SERS-activity materials are not easy to separate and reused. Herein, the present article reports the novel multifunctional Fe₃O₄@Ag/SiO₂/Au core–shell microspheres that display long-range plasmon transfer of Ag to Au leading to enhanced Raman scattering. The well-designed microspheres have high magnetization and uniform sphere size. As a result, Fe₃O₄@Ag/SiO₂/Au microspheres have the best enhancement effect in the Raman active research by using Rhodamine-b (RdB) as a probe molecule. The enhancement factor is estimated to be 2.2 × 10⁴ for RdB from the long-range plasmon transfer of Ag to Au, corresponding to an attenuation of the enhancement by a factor of only 0.672 × 10⁴ compared to RdB adsorbed directly on the Fe₃O₄@Ag microspheres. RdB can be detected down to 10^–9 M even without the resonance SERS effect. The unique nanostructure makes the microspheres novel stable and a high-enhancement effect for Raman detection

A Congested <i>in,in</i>-Diphosphine

The synthesis and characterization of the bis(triarylphosphine) <b>3</b> are described. Slow protonation of an inwardly directed phosphine is possible, but the phosphines do not react with larger reagents. X-ray structures of the parent compound, its HCl salt, and the corresponding trisulfone are reported. Compound <b>3</b> was resolved by chiral chromatography, but the barrier to racemization is only 20.7 kcal/mol

A Congested <i>in,in</i>-Diphosphine

The synthesis and characterization of the bis(triarylphosphine) <b>3</b> are described. Slow protonation of an inwardly directed phosphine is possible, but the phosphines do not react with larger reagents. X-ray structures of the parent compound, its HCl salt, and the corresponding trisulfone are reported. Compound <b>3</b> was resolved by chiral chromatography, but the barrier to racemization is only 20.7 kcal/mol

Core genes of co-expression network in two time periods.

<p>Core genes of co-expression network in two time periods.</p

Key events in fermentation.

<p>Key events in fermentation.</p

Fermentation of rHSA expression induced by methanol in <i>P</i>. <i>pastoris</i>.

The spot line represents changes in cell dry weight, and the columns indicate the rHSA levels. The whole fermentation cycle lasted for 108 h. The cell growth stage (G stage G0h-G24h) lasted 6h-30h, the glycerol fed-batch stage (GB stage GB0h-GB6h) lasted 30h-36h, and the methanol fed-batch stage 36h-108h (MB stage MB0h-MB72h).</p

Distribution of differential genes in the redox function tree during the transition from time point 1 to 3.

<p>The green cycle nodes represent genes, and the red triangle nodes represent GO term.</p