Visualization 1: Dynamic phase measurement based on spatial carrier-frequency phase-shifting method

The phase variation of a droplet evaporation process Originally published in Optics Express on 27 June 2016 (oe-24-13-13744

Extremely low-frequency magnetic field (ELM) exposure does not influence the total dendrite length of the principal neurons in the superficial layers of the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC).

<p>(A) The images taken with microscope show the place of superficial layers of rat MEC in brain section. (B-C) The morphology of Golgi-impregnated stellate (B) and pyramidal (C) neurons of control and 28-day ELM exposure. (D-E) ELM exposure did not alter the total length of dendrites in stellate neurons (D) as well as apical and basal dendrites in pyramidal neurons (E) in the superficial layer of the MEC.</p

ELM exposure alters the dendritic spine density and shape in the basal dendrites of pyramidal neurons.

<p>(A) Representative images of spines on the 20 µm second-order basal dendrites (left). The histogram summarizes the effect of ELM exposure on spine density (right). (B) Bar histogram illustrates the effect of ELM exposure on the thin, mushroom and stubby spine density in basal dendrites. (C) Representative images of branched spines (shown in a red frame) on the 20 µm second-order dendrites of basal dendrites of control and ELM exposure group at 14 and 28 days respectively (left). ELM did not influence the branched spine density (right). **<i>P</i><0.01; ^#<i>P</i><0.05; ^###<i>P</i><0.001.</p

ELM exposure influences the spine density and shape in the apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons.

<p>(A) Representative images of spines on the 20 µm second-order apical dendrites (left). Histogram summarizes the effect of ELM exposure on spine density (right). (B) Bar histogram shows the effect of ELM exposure on the thin, mushroom and stubby spine density in apical dendrites. (C) Representative images of branched spines (shown in a red frame) on the 20 µm second-order dendrites of apical dendrites of control and ELM exposure group at 14 and 28 days respectively (left). ELM did not influence the branched spine density (right). *<i>P</i><0.05; ^#<i>P</i><0.05.</p

ELM exposure reduces the thin, stubby, branched but not mushroom spine density of the stellate neurons.

<p>(A) Representative images of spines on the 20 µm second-order dendrites of stellate neurons show that the spine density was reduced at 14 days and 28 days post ELM exposure (left). The histogram summarizes the effect of ELM exposure on spine density in stellate neurons (right). (B1-B3) Representative images of spine subtypes classified by morphology according to the ratio of spine head width to spine neck width and the number of spine head. (C) Bar histogram shows the group data of the effect of ELM exposure on the thin, mushroom and stubby spine density of stellate neurons. (D) Representative images of branched spines (shown in a red frame) on the 20 µm second-order dendrites of stellate neurons of control and ELM exposure group at 14 and 28 days respectively (left). Pooled data show that ELM decreased the branched spine density only at 28 days post exposure while the changes observed earlier were not statistically significant (right). *<i>P</i><0.05; ***<i>P</i><0.001; ^#<i>P</i><0.05; ^###<i>P</i><0.001.</p