Spatial pattern of wilted cotton plants in commercial fields.

<p>Wilt severity was assessed in late August and early September on a scale of 0–4: 0—no symptoms; 1—leaves with wilt symptoms ≤ 25%; 2—leaves with wilt symptoms > 25% and ≤ 50%; 3—leaves with wilt symptoms > 50% and ≤ 75%; and 4—>75% leaves with wilt symptoms. Although wilt incidences for W_B and W_C were similar (33% vs. 34%), the apparent difference in the heat maps (B-C) was likely due to the differences in number of missing plants in each field: 15% and 23% of plants were missing for W_B and W_C, respectively. White colour indicates a missing plant position.</p

Spatial pattern of <i>Verticillium dahliae</i> inoculum in quadrats.

<p>The inoculum density (CFU g^-1 of soil) of <i>V</i>. <i>dahliae</i> were estimated in three commercial cotton fields (Y_A, Y_B, and Y_C) using the wet-sieving plating method. Within each field, the sampling plot was divided into 49 (7 × 7) quadrats of the 1.2 m × 1.2 m size. Within each quadrat, a single core (ca. 2.5 cm in diameter) sample of soil (at depth 0–20 cm) was sampled in late August at each of five points: near the four corners and the quadrat centre point; these five samples were then mixed together, resulting in a single composite sample for each quadrat.</p

A diagram illustrating the point sample positions.

<p>Soil was sampled in three commercial cotton fields to study spatial relationship in the density of <i>Verticillium dahliae</i> inoculum. Numbers indicate the distances (m) from sampling points to first sampling point in the same row. Sampling was conducted in three commercial fields in late August 2013, Weinan, Shaanxi Province, China.</p

Inoculum density of <i>Verticillium dahliae</i> from point sampling.

<p>Histogram (A) and spatial pattern (B) of estimated inoculum density (CFU g^-1 of soil) of <i>Verticillium dahliae</i> in three commercial cotton fields (W_A, W_B, and W_C) using a real-time quantitative PCR method. Within each row, 35 soil samples (at depth 0–20cm) were taken; the circle size is proportional to the CFU estimate at the point (the largest circle corresponds to 300 CFU g^-1 of soil in W_C).</p

Estimated <i>Verticillium dahliae</i> inoculum densities in soil plotted against wilt scores of individual plants.

<p>These plantations (W_A, W_B, W_C) were located in Weinan, Shaanxi. The distance between soil sampling points and the plant stem was ca. 15 cm. Wilt on each plant in each plant was scored as: 0—no symptoms; 1—leaves with wilt symptoms ≤ 25%; 2—leaves with wilt symptoms > 25% and ≤ 50%; 3—leaves with wilt symptoms > 50% and ≤ 75%; and 4—>75% leaves with wilt symptoms.</p

Number of cotton plants in each wilt category, assessed in six commercial plantations in 2013.

<p>Number of cotton plants in each wilt category, assessed in six commercial plantations in 2013.</p

Spatial autocorrelation of inoculum density of <i>Verticillium dahliae</i> from point sampling.

<p>(A) individual fields, and (B) pooled over three fields. Within each field, 70 samples were collected by point sampling (at depth 0–20 cm).</p

DataSheet1.XLSX

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is a destructive disease of wheat worldwide. The disease is preferably controlled by growing resistant cultivars. Wheat cultivar Xiaoyan 6 (XY 6) has been resistant to stripe rust since its release. In the previous studies, XY 6 was found to have higher-temperature seedling-plant (HTSP) resistance. However, the molecular mechanisms of HTSP resistance were not clear. To identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in HTSP resistance, we sequenced 30 cDNA libraries constructed from XY 6 seedlings exposed to several temperature treatments. Compared to the constant normal (15°C) and higher (20°C) temperature treatments, 1395 DEGs were identified in seedlings exposed to 20°C for 24 h (to activate HTSP resistance) and then kept at 15°C. These DEGs were located on all 21 chromosomes, with 29.2% on A, 41.1% on B and 29.7% on D genomes, by mapping to the Chinese Spring wheat genome. The 1395 DEGs were enriched in ribosome, plant-pathogen interaction and glycerolipid metabolism pathways, and some of them were identified as hub proteins (phosphatase 2C10), resistance protein homologs, WRKY transcription factors and protein kinases. The majority of these genes were up-regulated in HTSP resistance. Based on the differential expression, we found that phosphatase 2C10 and LRR receptor-like serine/threonine protein kinases are particularly interesting as they may be important for HTSP resistance through interacting with different resistance proteins, leading to a hypersensitive response.</p

DataSheet2.XLSX

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is a destructive disease of wheat worldwide. The disease is preferably controlled by growing resistant cultivars. Wheat cultivar Xiaoyan 6 (XY 6) has been resistant to stripe rust since its release. In the previous studies, XY 6 was found to have higher-temperature seedling-plant (HTSP) resistance. However, the molecular mechanisms of HTSP resistance were not clear. To identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in HTSP resistance, we sequenced 30 cDNA libraries constructed from XY 6 seedlings exposed to several temperature treatments. Compared to the constant normal (15°C) and higher (20°C) temperature treatments, 1395 DEGs were identified in seedlings exposed to 20°C for 24 h (to activate HTSP resistance) and then kept at 15°C. These DEGs were located on all 21 chromosomes, with 29.2% on A, 41.1% on B and 29.7% on D genomes, by mapping to the Chinese Spring wheat genome. The 1395 DEGs were enriched in ribosome, plant-pathogen interaction and glycerolipid metabolism pathways, and some of them were identified as hub proteins (phosphatase 2C10), resistance protein homologs, WRKY transcription factors and protein kinases. The majority of these genes were up-regulated in HTSP resistance. Based on the differential expression, we found that phosphatase 2C10 and LRR receptor-like serine/threonine protein kinases are particularly interesting as they may be important for HTSP resistance through interacting with different resistance proteins, leading to a hypersensitive response.</p

Table1.DOCX

<p>Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is a destructive disease of wheat worldwide. The disease is preferably controlled by growing resistant cultivars. Wheat cultivar Xiaoyan 6 (XY 6) has been resistant to stripe rust since its release. In the previous studies, XY 6 was found to have higher-temperature seedling-plant (HTSP) resistance. However, the molecular mechanisms of HTSP resistance were not clear. To identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in HTSP resistance, we sequenced 30 cDNA libraries constructed from XY 6 seedlings exposed to several temperature treatments. Compared to the constant normal (15°C) and higher (20°C) temperature treatments, 1395 DEGs were identified in seedlings exposed to 20°C for 24 h (to activate HTSP resistance) and then kept at 15°C. These DEGs were located on all 21 chromosomes, with 29.2% on A, 41.1% on B and 29.7% on D genomes, by mapping to the Chinese Spring wheat genome. The 1395 DEGs were enriched in ribosome, plant-pathogen interaction and glycerolipid metabolism pathways, and some of them were identified as hub proteins (phosphatase 2C10), resistance protein homologs, WRKY transcription factors and protein kinases. The majority of these genes were up-regulated in HTSP resistance. Based on the differential expression, we found that phosphatase 2C10 and LRR receptor-like serine/threonine protein kinases are particularly interesting as they may be important for HTSP resistance through interacting with different resistance proteins, leading to a hypersensitive response.</p