sj-docx-1-rel-10.1177_00336882241242140 - Supplemental material for International Students Tackling Linguistic Challenges in Cross-Border English-medium Instruction: The Perspective of Migration Infrastructures

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-rel-10.1177_00336882241242140 for International Students Tackling Linguistic Challenges in Cross-Border English-medium Instruction: The Perspective of Migration Infrastructures by Jiaqi Liu, Yixi Qiu and Yongyan Zheng in RELC Journal</p

Photoconversion of Chlorinated Saline Wastewater DBPs in Receiving Seawater is Overall a Detoxification Process

Chlorine disinfection of wastewater effluents rich in bromide and iodide ions results in the formation of relatively toxic bromo- and iodo-disinfection byproducts (DBPs), especially highly toxic bromophenolic and iodophenolic DBPs, which could harm the marine ecosystem when they are discharged into receiving seawater along with the wastewater effluents. In this study, we investigated the conversion of three individual halophenolic DBPs (5-bromosalicylic acid, 2,5-dibromohydroquinone, and 2,4,6-triiodophenol) and two chlorinated saline wastewater DBP mixtures in seawater. The conversion products were analyzed with ultra performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, and the conversion of overall halo-DBPs in the wastewater DBP mixtures was monitored by measuring total organic halogen. The photoconversion-induced variations in the toxicity were evaluated using the embryos of a marine polychaete. Halophenolic DBPs were found to undergo photoconversion in seawater. The conversion was triggered by photonucleophilic substitution: bromophenolic and iodophenolic DBPs were converted to their chlorophenolic or hydroxyphenolic analogues, via substituting the bromine and iodine atoms with chloride or hydroxide ions in seawater; chlorophenolic DBPs were converted to their hydroxyphenolic analogues, via substituting the chlorine atoms with hydroxide ions in seawater. The hydroxyphenolic analogues thus formed further decomposed and finally cleaved to aliphatic compounds. The photoconversion of chlorinated saline wastewater DBPs in receiving seawater was overall a dehalogenation and detoxification process

Comparative Toxicity of Chlorinated Saline and Freshwater Wastewater Effluents to Marine Organisms

Toilet flushing with seawater results in saline wastewater, which may contain approximately 33–50% seawater. Halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs), especially brominated and iodinated DBPs, have recently been found in chlorinated saline wastewater effluents. With the occurrence of brominated and iodinated DBPs, the adverse effects of chlorinated saline wastewater effluents to marine ecology have been uncertain. By evaluating the developmental effects in the marine polychaete <i>Platynereis dumerilii</i> directly exposed to chlorinated saline/freshwater wastewater effluents, we found surprisingly that chlorinated saline wastewater effluents were less toxic than a chlorinated freshwater wastewater effluent. This was also witnessed by the marine alga <i>Tetraselmis marina</i>. The toxicity of a chlorinated wastewater effluent to the marine species was dominated by its relatively low salinity compared to the salinity in seawater. The organic matter content in a chlorinated wastewater effluent might be partially responsible for the toxicity. The adverse effects of halogenated DBPs on the marine species were observed pronouncedly only in the “concentrated” chlorinated wastewater effluents. pH and ammonia content in a wastewater effluent caused no adverse effects on the marine species. The results suggest that using seawater to replace freshwater for toilet flushing might mitigate the “direct” acute detrimental effect of wastewater to the marine organisms

Association between OSA and HPV/HR-HPV infection status.

Association between OSA and HPV/HR-HPV infection status.</p

Demand-side Regulation Provision of Virtual Power Plants Consisting of Interconnected Microgrids through Double-stage Double-layer Optimization

Demand-side Regulation Provision of Virtual Power Plants Consisting of Interconnected Microgrids through Double-stage Double-layer Optimizatio

Forest plot of subgroup analysis on SDT and HPV infection.

Forest plot of subgroup analysis on SDT and HPV infection.</p

Baseline characteristics of study population according to SDT.

Baseline characteristics of study population according to SDT.</p

Association between SDT and HPV/HR-HPV infection status.

Association between SDT and HPV/HR-HPV infection status.</p

Flowchart of participant selection.

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the relationship between sleep factors (sleep duration time [SDT] and obstructive sleep apnea [OSA]) and human papillomavirus (HPV)/high-risk HPV(HR-HPV) infection, utilizing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional analysis using NHANES data, focusing on SDT and OSA’s association with HPV/HR-HPV infection. The primary statistical methods included weighted multivariate linear regression and logistic regression to assess the association between SDT, OSA, and HPV/HR-HPV infection. The study employed restricted cubic splines (RCS) for evaluating potential non-linear relationships between SDT and HPV/HR-HPV infection. Subgroup analyses were conducted. Interaction terms were used to examine the heterogeneity in associations across different subgroups.ResultsThe study identified a U-shaped relationship between SDT and HPV infection. Specifically, 7 hours of sleep was associated with the lowest risk of HPV infection. In comparison, SDT less than 7 hours resulted in a 26.3% higher risk of HPV infection (Odds Ratio [OR] = 1.26, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.029, 1.549), and more than 9 hours of sleep showed a 57.4% increased risk (OR = 1.574, 95% CI: 1.116, 2.220). The relationship between SDT and HR-HPV infection was significant in the first two models, but not in the fully adjusted model. No significant interaction was found between sleep duration and other covariates. There was no association between OSA and HPV/HR-HPV infection.ConclusionThe study underscores the complex relationship between sleep duration and HPV infection risk, suggesting both very short and very long sleep durations may increase HPV infection likelihood. The findings highlight the need for further research to explore the biological mechanisms underpinning this association and to consider broader population groups and more precise sleep assessment methods in future studies.</div

The U-shaped relationship between SDT and HPV infection.

The U-shaped relationship between SDT and HPV infection.</p