The mRNA expression of key genes involved in milk fat synthesis in BMEC.

<p>BMEC were treated for 12 h with various concentration of glucose. Values with different superscripts (a, b) are significantly different (<i>P</i><0.05), and bars indicate the standard error of means (n = 4). BMEC: bovine mammary epithelial cells, ACC: acetyl-CoA carboxylase, FAS: fatty acid synthase; DGAT: diacyl glycerol acyl transferase, GPAT: glycerol-3 phosphate acyl transferase, SREBP-1: sterol regulatory element binding protein-1.</p

The mRNA expression of key genes involved in lactose synthesis in BMEC.

<p>BMEC were treated for 12 h with various concentration of glucose. Values with different superscripts (a, b) are significantly different (<i>P</i><0.05), and bars indicate the standard error of means (n = 4). BMEC: bovine mammary epithelial cells, B4GALT : beta-1, 4-galactosyl transferase, LA: α-lactalbumin.</p

Activity of pyruvate kinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in BMEC.

<p>BMEC were treated for 12 h with various concentration of glucose. Values with different superscripts (a, b) are significantly different (<i>P</i><0.05), and bars indicate the standard error of means (n = 4). BMEC: bovine mammary epithelial cells, PK: pyruvate kinase, G6PD: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.</p

Mitochondrial potential in bovine mammary epithelial cells.

<p>Bovine mammary epithelial cells were treated for 12 h with 2.5 mmol/L glucose (A) or 10 mmol/L glucose (B). Bars represent 50 µm.</p

Primers of the key genes involved in synthesis of milk fat and lactose for real-time polymerase chain reaction.

<p>Primers of the key genes involved in synthesis of milk fat and lactose for real-time polymerase chain reaction.</p

Lactose synthase content in bovine mammary epithelial cells.

<p>Bovine mammary epithelial cells were treated for 12 h with various concentration of glucose. Values with different superscripts (a, b) are significantly different (<i>P</i><0.05), and bars indicate the standard error of means (n = 4).</p

Additional file 3: of Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of milk production using integrative transcriptomic and proteomic analyses: improving inefficient utilization of crop by-products as forage in dairy industry

Table S4. Differentially expressed genes in the mammary gland of cows fed corn stover (CS) vs. alfalfa hay (AH). The cutoff is set at 1.5-fold change and p < 0.05. Table S5. Differentially expressed proteins in the mammary gland of cows fed corn stover (CS) vs. alfalfa hay (AH). The cutoff is set at 1.2-fold change and p < 0.05. Table S6. Differentially expressed genes found in both transcriptomic and proteomic analyses in the mammary gland of cows fed corn stover (CS) vs. alfalfa hay (AH). (ZIP 164 kb

Additional file 6: of Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of milk production using integrative transcriptomic and proteomic analyses: improving inefficient utilization of crop by-products as forage in dairy industry

Table S9. The full name and abbreviation of proteins in Fig. 8. (XLSX 16 kb

Additional file 1: Table S1. of Biomarker and pathway analyses of urine metabolomics in dairy cows when corn stover replaces alfalfa hay

Ingredients of the experimental diets based on corn stover and alfalfa hay. Table S2. Identification of significantly different metabolites in urine between the CS and AH groups. Figure S1. The 2-D PCA score map (a) and 2-D PLS-DA score map (b) derived from the GC-TOF/MS metabolite profiles of urine for cows fed CS (red triangle) and AH (green plus). CS = dietcontaining corn stover as main forage; and AH = dietcontaining alfalfa and Chinese wild rye hay as main forage. (DOC 145 kb

Additional file 4: of Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of milk production using integrative transcriptomic and proteomic analyses: improving inefficient utilization of crop by-products as forage in dairy industry

Table S7. A list of common differentially expressed genes and differentially expressed proteins in the mammary gland of cows fed corn stover (CS) vs. alfalfa hay (AH). (XLSX 17 kb