The Importance of Learning Islamic History and Civilization of Malaysia in the Building of Human Capital and Identity of the Muslim Society in Malaysia

AbstractThe purpose of this research is to study the importance of learning Islamic History and Civilization in Malaysia for human capital building and identification of the muslim society in Malaysia. Its aim is to clarify the importance of this course, specifically at the Department of Arabic Studies and Islamic Civilization, and the need to produce graduates who are conversant in this field in order that they may utilise it in their lives regardless of whichever field they venture into. This study uses the library research method by analysis and evaluation with an argumentative as well as narrative approach. The results of study finds that knowledge and conversance in this field is integral in the formation of human capital and identity of the muslim society in Malaysia. Knowledge and conversance in this field would enable Malays to know the ‘true’ history of the muslim ummah in Malaysia. This knowledge is crucial to help them form and build a Malay-muslim generation in Malaysia, strongly attached to Malay traditions which have once brought the muslims to the pinnacle of success

Electrochemical Alkoxysulfonylation Difunctionalization of Styrene Derivatives Using Sodium Sulfinates as Sulfonyl Sources

An eco-friendly method for the synthesis of β-alkoxy sulfones via electrochemical alkoxysulfonylation reaction of styrenes with sodium sulfinates as sulfonyl sources has been established. The reaction is conducted in an undivided cell at room temperature and tolerates a wide scope of styrenes, sodium sulfinates, and alcohols. The reaction does not need any chemical oxidants and transition-metal catalysts, which provides a new and green access to β-alkoxy sulfones

Intramolecular Appel Reaction of Trifluoromethylated β‑Keto Diazos Enabling Assembly of Trifluoromethylpyrazoles

A method for the generation of trifluoromethylated β-keto diazos and their applications in intramolecular Appel type reactions are reported. The key success of this reaction is a diazo species as an N-nucleophile in Appel reactions. This reaction is conducted under mild conditions and has a broad substrate scope, affording trifluoromethylpyrazoles in ≤94% yields. This protocol represents a new type of Appel reaction and also a new reaction mode of fluoro diazoalkanes

Copper-Catalyzed Multicomponent Reaction of DABCO·(SO₂)₂, Alcohols, and Aryl Diazoniums for the Synthesis of Sulfonic Esters

A Cu-catalyzed multicomponent cascade reaction of DABCO·(SO₂)₂ (DABSO), alcohol, and aryl diazonium tetrafluoroborate was developed which afforded sulfonic esters in moderate to good chemical yields. In this reaction, the SO₂ surrogate DABSO was used for the first time in the synthesis of sulfonic aliphatic esters. This multicomponent reaction was carried out under mild conditions and tolerated a wide range of substrates, which provides a new and efficient strategy for the synthesis of sulfonic esters

Catalyst-Free Intramolecular Oxidative Cyclization of <i>N</i>‑Allylbenzamides: A New Route to 2,5-Substituted Oxazoles

A catalyst-free intramolecular oxidative cyclization reaction of <i>N</i>-allylbenzamides has been developed to prepare 2,5-disubstituted oxazoles with good yields. This reaction gives an efficient synthetic strategy to form an oxazole nucleus directly from easily accessible substrates under temperate conditions

Catalyst-Free Intramolecular Oxidative Cyclization of <i>N</i>‑Allylbenzamides: A New Route to 2,5-Substituted Oxazoles

A catalyst-free intramolecular oxidative cyclization reaction of <i>N</i>-allylbenzamides has been developed to prepare 2,5-disubstituted oxazoles with good yields. This reaction gives an efficient synthetic strategy to form an oxazole nucleus directly from easily accessible substrates under temperate conditions

Table1_Genomic adaptation of Ethiopian indigenous cattle to high altitude.XLSX

The mountainous areas of Ethiopia represent one of the most extreme environmental challenges in Africa faced by humans and other inhabitants. Selection for high-altitude adaptation is expected to have imprinted the genomes of livestock living in these areas. Here we assess the genomic signatures of positive selection for high altitude adaptation in three cattle populations from the Ethiopian mountainous areas (Semien, Choke, and Bale mountains) compared to three Ethiopian lowland cattle populations (Afar, Ogaden, and Boran), using whole-genome resequencing and three genome scan approaches for signature of selection (iHS, XP-CLR, and PBS). We identified several candidate selection signature regions and several high-altitude adaptation genes. These include genes such as ITPR2, MB, and ARNT previously reported in the human population inhabiting the Ethiopian highlands. Furthermore, we present evidence of strong selection and high divergence between Ethiopian high- and low-altitude cattle populations at three new candidate genes (CLCA2, SLC26A2, and CBFA2T3), putatively linked to high-altitude adaptation in cattle. Our findings provide possible examples of convergent selection between cattle and humans as well as unique African cattle signature to the challenges of living in the Ethiopian mountainous regions.</p

Table5_Genomic adaptation of Ethiopian indigenous cattle to high altitude.XLSX

The mountainous areas of Ethiopia represent one of the most extreme environmental challenges in Africa faced by humans and other inhabitants. Selection for high-altitude adaptation is expected to have imprinted the genomes of livestock living in these areas. Here we assess the genomic signatures of positive selection for high altitude adaptation in three cattle populations from the Ethiopian mountainous areas (Semien, Choke, and Bale mountains) compared to three Ethiopian lowland cattle populations (Afar, Ogaden, and Boran), using whole-genome resequencing and three genome scan approaches for signature of selection (iHS, XP-CLR, and PBS). We identified several candidate selection signature regions and several high-altitude adaptation genes. These include genes such as ITPR2, MB, and ARNT previously reported in the human population inhabiting the Ethiopian highlands. Furthermore, we present evidence of strong selection and high divergence between Ethiopian high- and low-altitude cattle populations at three new candidate genes (CLCA2, SLC26A2, and CBFA2T3), putatively linked to high-altitude adaptation in cattle. Our findings provide possible examples of convergent selection between cattle and humans as well as unique African cattle signature to the challenges of living in the Ethiopian mountainous regions.</p

Cu-Catalyzed C(sp³)–H Bond Activation Reaction for Direct Preparation of Cycloallyl Esters from Cycloalkanes and Aromatic Aldehydes

Cu-catalyzed dehydrogenation–olefination and esterification of C­(sp³)–H bonds of cycloalkanes with TBHP as an oxidant has been developed. The reaction involves four C–H bond activations and gives cycloallyl ester products directly from cycloalkanes and aromatic aldehydes

Copper-Catalyzed Multicomponent Reaction of DABCO·(SO₂)₂, Alcohols, and Aryl Diazoniums for the Synthesis of Sulfonic Esters

A Cu-catalyzed multicomponent cascade reaction of DABCO·(SO₂)₂ (DABSO), alcohol, and aryl diazonium tetrafluoroborate was developed which afforded sulfonic esters in moderate to good chemical yields. In this reaction, the SO₂ surrogate DABSO was used for the first time in the synthesis of sulfonic aliphatic esters. This multicomponent reaction was carried out under mild conditions and tolerated a wide range of substrates, which provides a new and efficient strategy for the synthesis of sulfonic esters