data for multiple site beta diversity

data for multiple site beta diversit

data for pairwise site beta diversity

data for pairwise site beta diversit

Effect of Polyvinyl Alcohol on Ice Formation in the Presence of a Liquid/Solid Interface

Tuning ice formation is of great importance in biological systems and some technological applications. Many synthetic polymers have been shown to affect ice formation, in particular, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). However, the experimental observations of the effect of PVA on ice formation are still conflicting. Here, we introduced colloidal silica (CS) as the model liquid/solid interface and studied the effect of PVA on ice formation in detail. The results showed that either PVA or CS promoted ice formation, whereas the mixture of these two (CS–PVA) prevented ice formation (antifreezing). Using quantitative analysis based on classical nucleation theory, we revealed that the main contribution came from the kinetic factor <i>J</i>₀ rather than the energy barrier factor Γ. Combined with the PVA adsorption behavior on CS particles, it is strongly suggested that the adsorption of PVA at the interface has significantly reduced ice nucleation, which thus may provide new ideas for developing antifreezing agents

Alignments of selected sequences from GenBank entries sharing high identity with HaSE1.

<p>The sequence on the top line is the consensus sequence of the HaSE1 family. Putative flanking direct repeats are indicated in lowercase and boxed. Nucleotides shaded in black are conserved across sequences. These sequences were derived from the following GenBank entries: HzSE1.1 and HzSE1.2, DQ788840; HsSE1.1, GQ332573.</p

Alignments of selected sequences from GenBank and EST entries sharing high identity with HaSE2.

<p>The sequence on the top line is the consensus sequence of the HaSE2 family. Putative flanking direct repeats are indicated in lowercase and boxed. Nucleotides shaded in black are conserved across sequences. These sequences were derived from the following GenBank entries: HsSE2.1 and HsSE2.2, GQ332573; SfSE2.1, FP340417; SfSE2.2, FP340410; SfSE2.3, FP340416; HvSE2.1, GT188659; HvSE2.2, GT212998; HvSE2.3, HO703137; HvSE2.4, GR967973; HvSE2.5, GT132665; HvSE2.6, GT211688; SlittSE2.1, FQ015582; SlituSE2.1, GW413639; DpSE2.1, EY265072; AgSE2.1, GW550229.</p

The impact of functional constipation in pregnant women on their modes of delivery.

<p>*Compared with the non-constipation group, χ² = 138.24, P < 0.05.</p><p>The impact of functional constipation in pregnant women on their modes of delivery.</p

Alignments of the identified HaSE3 sequences in insect species other than <i>Helicoverpa armigera</i>.

<p>The sequence on the top line is the consensus sequence of the HaSE3 family. Putative flanking direct repeats are indicated in lowercase and boxed. Nucleotides shaded in black are conserved across sequences. GenBank entries for these sequences were shown in the text.</p

Phylogenetic analysis.

<p>(A) Phylogenetic relationships among HaSE2 elements in <i>Helicoverpa armigera</i> and similar elements in other insect species. (B) Phylogenetic relationships of <i>Helicoverpa armigera</i> and other insect species based on cytochrome oxidase subunit I (CO I) gene sequences. The Neighbor-joining tree was generated in MEGA5 with 1000 bootstrap replicates. Bootstrap values below 50% are not shown. CO I sequences are obtained from the following GenBank entries: JF415782 for <i>Helicoverpa armigera</i>, GU087832 for <i>Heliothis virescens</i>, EU768932 for <i>Heliothis subflexa</i>, GU090723 for <i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i>, FN908019 for <i>Spodoptera littoralis</i>, FN908025 for <i>Spodoptera litura</i>, DQ018954 for <i>Danaus plexippus</i>, EU701422 for <i>Aphis gossypii</i>.</p

Full length HaSE1 and HaSE2 elements identified in this study.

a<p>No obvious target site duplications (TSD) were identified for HaSE2.6 and HaSE2.7. Only the locations corresponding to the aligned and conserved SINE sequences were indicated.</p>b<p>Identity to the corresponding consensus sequence.</p><p>*These copies of a specific element showed 100% nucleotide identity to each other.</p><p>ND: not determined.</p

AJM-1::GFP reporter of cell-cell fusions.

<p>Time-lapse images of a wild-type embryo expressing a sub-adherens junction marker, AJM-1::GFP, show the disappearance of borders between fused cells (arrows). An <i>eff-1</i> mutant embryo (inset) shows no cell fusions at a timepoint past that at which most fusions are completed in wild-type embryos. Anterior is left and dorsal is facing the viewer (t = 380–410) or oriented up (t = 420–460). Images shown are maximum intensity Z-projections of 27 one-micron-spaced confocal optical sections through the entire embryo, captured at 10-minute intervals. Scalebar = 10 μm.</p