New Phosphorescent Polynuclear Cu(I) Compounds Based on Linear and Star-Shaped 2-(2‘-Pyridyl)benzimidazolyl Derivatives: Syntheses, Structures, Luminescence, and Electroluminescence

Four dinuclear and trinuclear Cu(I) complexes that contain 2-(2‘-pyridyl)benzimidazolyl derivative ligands including 1,4-bis[2-(2‘-pyridyl)benzimidazolyl]benzene (1,4-bmb), 1,3-bis[2-(2‘-pyridyl)benzimidazolyl]benzene (1,3-bmb), 1,3,5-tris[2-(2‘-pyridyl)benzimidazolyl]benzene (tmb), and 4,4‘-bis[2-(2‘-pyridyl)benzimidazolyl]biphenyl (bmbp) have been synthesized. The formulas of these complexes are [Cu2(1,4-bmb)(PPh3)4][BF4]2 (1), [Cu2(1,3-bmb)(PPh3)4][BF4]2 (2), [Cu3(tmb)(PPh3)6][BF4]3 (3), and [Cu2(bmbp)(PPh3)4][BF4]2 (4), respectively. The crystal structures of 2−4 have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. The Cu(I) ions in the complexes have a distorted tetrahedral geometry. For 3, two structural isomers (syn and anti) resulted from two different orientations of the three 2-(2‘-pyridyl)benzimidazolyl chelating units were observed in the crystal lattice. Variable-temperature 1H NMR experiments established the presence of syn and anti isomers for 1−3 in solution which interconvert at ambient temperature. Complexes 1−4 have a weak MLCT absorption band in the 350−450 nm region and display a yellow-orange emission when irradiated by UV light. One unexpected finding is that the yellow-orange emission of complexes 1−4 has a very long decay lifetime (∼200 μs) at 77 K. An electroluminescent (EL) device using 4 as the emitter and PVK as the host was fabricated. However, the long decay lifetime of the copper complexes may limit their applications as phosphorescent emitters in EL devices

New Phosphorescent Polynuclear Cu(I) Compounds Based on Linear and Star-Shaped 2-(2‘-Pyridyl)benzimidazolyl Derivatives: Syntheses, Structures, Luminescence, and Electroluminescence

Four dinuclear and trinuclear Cu(I) complexes that contain 2-(2‘-pyridyl)benzimidazolyl derivative ligands including 1,4-bis[2-(2‘-pyridyl)benzimidazolyl]benzene (1,4-bmb), 1,3-bis[2-(2‘-pyridyl)benzimidazolyl]benzene (1,3-bmb), 1,3,5-tris[2-(2‘-pyridyl)benzimidazolyl]benzene (tmb), and 4,4‘-bis[2-(2‘-pyridyl)benzimidazolyl]biphenyl (bmbp) have been synthesized. The formulas of these complexes are [Cu2(1,4-bmb)(PPh3)4][BF4]2 (1), [Cu2(1,3-bmb)(PPh3)4][BF4]2 (2), [Cu3(tmb)(PPh3)6][BF4]3 (3), and [Cu2(bmbp)(PPh3)4][BF4]2 (4), respectively. The crystal structures of 2−4 have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. The Cu(I) ions in the complexes have a distorted tetrahedral geometry. For 3, two structural isomers (syn and anti) resulted from two different orientations of the three 2-(2‘-pyridyl)benzimidazolyl chelating units were observed in the crystal lattice. Variable-temperature 1H NMR experiments established the presence of syn and anti isomers for 1−3 in solution which interconvert at ambient temperature. Complexes 1−4 have a weak MLCT absorption band in the 350−450 nm region and display a yellow-orange emission when irradiated by UV light. One unexpected finding is that the yellow-orange emission of complexes 1−4 has a very long decay lifetime (∼200 μs) at 77 K. An electroluminescent (EL) device using 4 as the emitter and PVK as the host was fabricated. However, the long decay lifetime of the copper complexes may limit their applications as phosphorescent emitters in EL devices

New Phosphorescent Polynuclear Cu(I) Compounds Based on Linear and Star-Shaped 2-(2‘-Pyridyl)benzimidazolyl Derivatives: Syntheses, Structures, Luminescence, and Electroluminescence

Four dinuclear and trinuclear Cu(I) complexes that contain 2-(2‘-pyridyl)benzimidazolyl derivative ligands including 1,4-bis[2-(2‘-pyridyl)benzimidazolyl]benzene (1,4-bmb), 1,3-bis[2-(2‘-pyridyl)benzimidazolyl]benzene (1,3-bmb), 1,3,5-tris[2-(2‘-pyridyl)benzimidazolyl]benzene (tmb), and 4,4‘-bis[2-(2‘-pyridyl)benzimidazolyl]biphenyl (bmbp) have been synthesized. The formulas of these complexes are [Cu2(1,4-bmb)(PPh3)4][BF4]2 (1), [Cu2(1,3-bmb)(PPh3)4][BF4]2 (2), [Cu3(tmb)(PPh3)6][BF4]3 (3), and [Cu2(bmbp)(PPh3)4][BF4]2 (4), respectively. The crystal structures of 2−4 have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. The Cu(I) ions in the complexes have a distorted tetrahedral geometry. For 3, two structural isomers (syn and anti) resulted from two different orientations of the three 2-(2‘-pyridyl)benzimidazolyl chelating units were observed in the crystal lattice. Variable-temperature 1H NMR experiments established the presence of syn and anti isomers for 1−3 in solution which interconvert at ambient temperature. Complexes 1−4 have a weak MLCT absorption band in the 350−450 nm region and display a yellow-orange emission when irradiated by UV light. One unexpected finding is that the yellow-orange emission of complexes 1−4 has a very long decay lifetime (∼200 μs) at 77 K. An electroluminescent (EL) device using 4 as the emitter and PVK as the host was fabricated. However, the long decay lifetime of the copper complexes may limit their applications as phosphorescent emitters in EL devices

New Phosphorescent Polynuclear Cu(I) Compounds Based on Linear and Star-Shaped 2-(2‘-Pyridyl)benzimidazolyl Derivatives: Syntheses, Structures, Luminescence, and Electroluminescence

Four dinuclear and trinuclear Cu(I) complexes that contain 2-(2‘-pyridyl)benzimidazolyl derivative ligands including 1,4-bis[2-(2‘-pyridyl)benzimidazolyl]benzene (1,4-bmb), 1,3-bis[2-(2‘-pyridyl)benzimidazolyl]benzene (1,3-bmb), 1,3,5-tris[2-(2‘-pyridyl)benzimidazolyl]benzene (tmb), and 4,4‘-bis[2-(2‘-pyridyl)benzimidazolyl]biphenyl (bmbp) have been synthesized. The formulas of these complexes are [Cu2(1,4-bmb)(PPh3)4][BF4]2 (1), [Cu2(1,3-bmb)(PPh3)4][BF4]2 (2), [Cu3(tmb)(PPh3)6][BF4]3 (3), and [Cu2(bmbp)(PPh3)4][BF4]2 (4), respectively. The crystal structures of 2−4 have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. The Cu(I) ions in the complexes have a distorted tetrahedral geometry. For 3, two structural isomers (syn and anti) resulted from two different orientations of the three 2-(2‘-pyridyl)benzimidazolyl chelating units were observed in the crystal lattice. Variable-temperature 1H NMR experiments established the presence of syn and anti isomers for 1−3 in solution which interconvert at ambient temperature. Complexes 1−4 have a weak MLCT absorption band in the 350−450 nm region and display a yellow-orange emission when irradiated by UV light. One unexpected finding is that the yellow-orange emission of complexes 1−4 has a very long decay lifetime (∼200 μs) at 77 K. An electroluminescent (EL) device using 4 as the emitter and PVK as the host was fabricated. However, the long decay lifetime of the copper complexes may limit their applications as phosphorescent emitters in EL devices

MoSec61β, the beta subunit of Sec61, is involved in fungal development and pathogenicity, plant immunity, and ER-phagy in <i>Magnaporthe oryzae</i>

The process of protein translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the initial and decisive step in the biosynthesis of all secretory proteins and many soluble organelle proteins. In this process, the Sec61 complex is the protein-conducting channel for transport. In this study, we identified and characterized the β subunit of the Sec61 complex in Magnaporthe oryzae (MoSec61β). Compared with the wild-type strain Guy11, the ΔMosec61β mutant exhibited highly branched mycelial morphology, reduced conidiation, high sensitivity to cell wall integrity stress, severely reduced virulence to rice and barley, and restricted biotrophic invasion. The turgor pressure of ΔMosec61β was notably reduced, which affected the function of appressoria. Moreover, ΔMosec61β was also sensitive to oxidative stress and exhibited a reduced ability to overcome plant immunity. Further examination demonstrated that MoSec61β affected the normal secretion of the apoplastic effectors Bas4 and Slp1. In addition, ΔMosec61β upregulated the level of ER-phagy. In conclusion, our results demonstrate the importance of the roles played by MoSec61β in the fungal development and pathogenesis of M. oryzae.</p

Intracellular mobilization of lipid droplets in WT and SNF1 pathway mutants during appressorium morphogenesis.

<p>Conidial suspensions were incubated on the surfaces of hydrophobic films and stained with Nile red to observe the status of lipid droplets movement and distribution at the indicated time points under epifluorescence microscope. (<b>A</b>) <i>ΔMosnf1</i> and <i>ΔMosak1ΔMotos3</i> showed significant delays in lipid mobilization and degradation with the presence of Nile red-stained lipid bodies even at 96 hpi, while fluorescent signals were almost invisible in WT at 48 hpi. Bars  = 5 µm. (<b>B</b>) Percentages of conidia (left) or appressoria (right) that contained lipid droplets. Varied degrees of defect in lipid mobilization were observed among the mutants.</p

Mutations in SNF1 pathway affected the utilization of non-fermentable carbons.

<p>Strains were cultured on MM plates supplemented with 1% Glucose, 1% Tween 80, 1% Olive oil, 1% Triolein, or 50 mM Sodium acetate as sole carbon source for 10 d at 25°C.</p

Effects of SNF1 pathway mutations on GFP-PTS1 distribution.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Confocal microscopic observation of mutant strains expressing GFP-PTS1. Images shown were representative of the majority of vegetative hyphae. Enlarged peroxisomes were more frequently observed in <i>ΔMosnf1</i> and <i>ΔMosak1ΔMotos3</i> than WT. Arrows point to peroxisomes. Bar  = 5 µm. (<b>B</b>) Colocalization of GFP-PST1-positive peroxisomes and CMAC-stained vacuoles. The amount of cytoplasmic peroxisomes was decreased dramatically in the conidia of <i>ΔMosnf1</i>, <i>ΔMosak1</i>, and <i>ΔMosak1ΔMotos3</i>, while in WT and <i>ΔMotos3</i>, numerous peroxisomal puncta were observed with the absence of vacuolar GFP fluorescence. The localization patterns of GFP-PTS1 in <i>ΔMosip2</i> and <i>ΔMosnf4</i> conidia were indistinguishable from that in <i>ΔMosnf1</i> conidia. Bars  = 5 µm.</p

Oxidative stress in androgen regulated target tissues: Prostate (A&D), salivary glands (B&E) and hair follicles-DPC (C&F).

<p>A–C: Graphs showing the individual staining intensity according to treatment groups (A+: circles, A−: triangles, C: diamonds). Median values are shown as a line. D–F: Representative 8-OHdG immunostaining under low (×40) and high (×400) magnification.</p

Comparison of the SNF1 pathway mutants with regard to colony morphology and conidial development.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Strains were cultured on CM plates at 25°C for 10 days. <i>ΔMosak1ΔMotos3</i> exhibited a decreased mycelial growth rate, while no significant difference in the colony size was observed between other mutants and Guy11. (<b>B</b>) Microscopic observation of conidial development. Significant reduction in conidial production was observed in <i>ΔMosnf1</i>, <i>ΔMosip2</i>, <i>ΔMosnf4</i>, <i>ΔMosak1</i>, and <i>ΔMosak1ΔMoto3</i> at 24 hpi. However, <i>ΔMotos3</i> developed short, yet dense conidiophores with plenty of spores arrayed thereon. Bars  = 50 µm. (<b>C</b>) Conidia of WT and the mutants were harvested and observed under the light microscope. Conidial shape of <i>ΔMosip2</i>, <i>ΔMosnf4</i>, <i>ΔMosak1</i>, and <i>ΔMosak1ΔMoto3</i> was identical to that of <i>ΔMosnf1</i> (<i>ΔMosnf1</i>-pattern), whereas there was no measurable difference between <i>ΔMotos3</i> and Guy11 (Normal). Bars  = 5 µm.</p