226 research outputs found

    Witnessing Arrests and Elevated Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress: Findings from a National Study of Children Involved in the Child Welfare System

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    This study used data from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-being to test the hypothesis that witnessing the arrest of a household member is significantly associated with elevated PTS symptoms. Analyses are based on data on 1,869 children ages 8 and up who were subjects of reports of maltreatment. Results show that the children child welfare authorities encounter who have witnessed arrests are significantly more likely to have also (1) witnessed multiple types of violence in their homes, (2) been victims of multiple types of violence, (3) witnessed non-violent crimes, and (4) lived in families having problems meeting children’s basic needs. Results of multivariate analyses indicate that, all else being equal, witnessing the arrest of a household member either alone or in conjunction with the recent arrest of a parent is predictive of elevated posttraumatic symptoms. Approximately 1 in 4 children who witnessed an arrest and also had a recently arrested parent had elevated symptoms of posttraumatic stress

    Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,4-Diols by a Tandem Allylboration–Allenylboration Sequence

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    The reaction of mono- and dialdehydes with bis-borodienes (incorporating an allylboronate unit) has been studied. It was found that the initial allylboration reaction results in an allenylboronate, which has two stereogenic units: one of them has axial chirality and the other one is a stereogenic carbon center. This reaction proceeds with high diastereoselectivity. The allenylboronate formed in the allylboration reacts with an additional aldehyde with fair to high stereoselectivity depending on the aldehyde substrate. Aromatic dialdehydes react with bis-boro-butadienes creating three new stereocenters with usually high diastereoselectivity

    Adsorption of Phenanthrene on Multilayer Graphene as Affected by Surfactant and Exfoliation

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    Surfactant mediated exfoliation of multilayer graphene and its effects on phenanthrene adsorption were investigated using a passive dosing technique. In the absence of surfactant (sodium cholate, NaC), multilayer graphene had higher adsorption capacity for phenanthrene than carbon nanotube and graphite due to the higher surface area and micropore volume. The observed desorption hysteresis is likely caused by the formation of closed interstitial spaces through folding and rearrangement of graphene sheets. In the presence of NaC (both 100 and 8000 mg/L), phenanthrene adsorption on graphene was decreased due to the direct competition of NaC molecules on the graphene surface. With the aid of sonication, multilayer graphene sheets were exfoliated by NaC, leading to better dispersion. The degree of dispersion depended on the graphene-NaC ratio in aqueous solution rather than critical micelle concentration of NaC, and the good dispersion occurred after reaching adsorption saturation of NaC molecules on graphene sheets. In addition, exfoliation weakened the competition between phenanthrene and NaC and enhanced the adsorption capacity of graphene for phenanthrene due to exposed new sites. The findings on exfoliation of graphene sheets and related adsorption properties highlight not only the potential applications of multilayer graphene as efficient adsorbent but also its possible environmental risk

    Electron micrographs of cultured DRG neurons from wild-type and <i>Nefl</i><sup><i>N98S/+</i></sup> mice.

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    <p>(A and B) EM of cell soma of wild-type. Fig B is a higher magnification view of the asterisk-labeled area in Fig A. Filamentous structures formed by intermediate filaments can been seen throughout the cell body, next to organelles such as mitochondria. (C) A longitudinal section of processes of <i>Nefl</i><sup><i>+/+</i></sup> DRG. Bundles of microtubules and intermediate filaments are running in parallel alongside the processes. (D and E) EM of cell soma of <i>Nefl</i><sup><i>N98S/+</i></sup> DRG. Fig E is a higher magnification view of the asterisk-labeled area in Fig D. Massive accumulation of disordered neurofilaments is observed in the soma of <i>Nefl</i><sup><i>N98S/+</i></sup> DRG (D). The density of neurofilaments is very high and few other cytoplasmic elements can be seen within the accumulations (E). (F) A longitudinal section of processes of <i>Nefl</i><sup><i>N98S/+</i></sup> DRG. An enlarged process area of disorganized filamentous accumulation can be seen. Scale bars = 2 μm (A and D) and 500 nm (B, C, E and F).</p

    Immunofluorescence micrographs of cultured DRG neurons from <i>Nefl</i><sup><i>+/+</i></sup> and <i>Nefl</i><sup><i>N98S/+</i></sup> mice labeling NFL.

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    <p>(A and C) Low power views of DRG neurons from <i>Nefl</i><sup><i>+/+</i></sup> (A) and <i>Nefl</i><sup><i>N98S/+</i></sup> (C) mice. Note that in <i>Nefl</i><sup><i>N98S/+</i></sup> DRG neurons, the processes are characterized by large amounts of enlarged and bright particles along the processes, pointed by arrows (C). (B and D) High-magnification images of DRG neurons as seen in Fig A and C. Note the filamentous structure in <i>Nefl</i><sup><i>+/+</i></sup> DRG neuron (B). In contrast, disrupted neurofilament network and enlarged neurofilament particles (pointed by arrows) along the processes can be seen in <i>Nefl</i><sup><i>N98S/+</i></sup> DRG neurons (D). A low intensity image of DRG neurons pointed by the arrowhead is shown in the inset (D) that also shows the broken neurofilamentous network. <i>Nefl</i><sup><i>N98S/+</i></sup>, n = 8; <i>Nefl</i><sup><i>+/+</i></sup>, n = 5. Scale bars = 50 μm (A and C) and 25 μm (B and D).</p

    Immunofluorescence micrographs of cultured DRG explants from wild-type and <i>Nefl</i><sup><i>N98S/+</i></sup> mice embryos (E15) labeling NFL.

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    <p>(A and C) Low power views of DRG explants from <i>Nefl</i><sup><i>+/+</i></sup> (A) and <i>Nefl</i><sup><i>N98S/+</i></sup> (C) embryos cultured on the laminin-coated coverslip for 3 days. (B) Higher magnification of the boxed area of wild-type DRG in Fig A. Note the processes are labeled quite uniformly with anti-NFL antibody. (D) Higher magnification of the boxed area of <i>Nefl</i><sup><i>N98S/+</i></sup> DRG in Fig C. Note the processes are characterized by a large amount of bright particles along the processes. 3 <i>Nefl</i><sup><i>+/+</i></sup> females bred with <i>Nefl</i><sup><i>N98S/+</i></sup> males were sacrificed, and embryos were collected and genotyped. DRG explants from those embryos were cultured. Embryos for <i>Nefl</i><sup><i>+/+</i></sup>, n = 10. Embryos for <i>Nefl</i><sup><i>N98S/+</i></sup>, n = 11. Scale bars = 500 μm (A and C) and 100 μm (B and D).</p

    Electron micrographs of cross sections of DRG axons of wild-type and <i>Nefl</i><sup><i>N98S/+</i></sup> mice.

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    <p>(A, C and E) Low power views of DRG axons from <i>Nefl</i><sup><i>+/+</i></sup> (A) and <i>Nefl</i><sup><i>N98S/+</i></sup> (C and E) mice. (B) A high power view of the asterisk-labeled area in <i>Nefl</i><sup><i>+/+</i></sup> DRG axons from Fig A. Microtubules (pointed by an arrowhead) and neurofilaments (pointed by an arrow) are interspersed. (D) A high power view of the asterisk-labeled area in one cross section of <i>Nefl</i><sup><i>N98S/+</i></sup> DRG axons from Fig C. Neurofilaments are barely seen and replaced by more microtubules (pointed by an arrowhead). (F) A high power view of the asterisk-labeled area in another cross section of <i>Nefl</i><sup><i>N98S/+</i></sup> DRG axons from Fig E. Microtubules (pointed by an arrowhead) and barely any neurofilaments can be seen in this area. (G) A high power view of the diamond-labeled area in another cross section of <i>Nefl</i><sup><i>N98S/+</i></sup> DRG axons from Fig E. Neurofilaments are packed at high density in this area, almost exclusive of any other organelles. (E, F and G) Microtubules and other organelles are segregated from the neurofilament aggregates in this cross section of <i>Nefl</i><sup><i>N98S/+</i></sup> DRG axons. Scale bars = 500 nm (A, C and E) and 200 nm (B, D, F and G).</p

    Electron micrographs of DRG cell soma of wild-type and <i>Nefl</i><sup><i>N98S/+</i></sup> mice.

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    <p>(A and C) Low power views of cell soma of DRG from wild-type (A) and <i>Nefl</i><sup><i>N98S/+</i></sup> (C) mice. Note the large amount of aggregates throughout the soma of <i>Nefl</i><sup><i>N98S/+</i></sup> DRG (C). (B and D) High power views of asterisk-labeled areas in Fig A and C. The filamentous structure formed by intermediate filaments is pointed by the arrow in <i>Nefl</i><sup><i>+/+</i></sup> DRG (B). Massive accumulation of disordered neurofilaments is observed in <i>Nefl</i><sup><i>N98S/+</i></sup> DRG (D). The density of neurofilaments is very high and few other cytoplasmic elements can be seen within the aggregates. Scale bars = 2 μm (A and C) and 500 nm (B and D).</p

    <i>Nefl</i><sup><i>N98S/+</i></sup> mice showing reduced protein levels of NFL in both triton-X 100 soluble and triton-X 100 insoluble fractions of cerebellum, DRG and spinal cord.

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    <p>A, D and G) Quantitative data from western blots of triton soluble fraction of cerebellum, DRG and spinal cord, respectively. The intensity of NFL was normalized to that of GAPDH. NFL levels in <i>Nefl</i><sup><i>+/+</i></sup> were further normalized to 100. (B, E and H) Quantitative data from western blots of triton insoluble fraction of cerebellum, DRG and spinal cord, respectively. NFL levels in <i>Nefl</i><sup><i>+/+</i></sup> were normalized to 100. (C, F and I) The ratio of triton soluble NFL to triton insoluble NFL in cerebellum, DRG and spinal cord, respectively. The ratio of <i>Nefl</i><sup><i>+/+</i></sup> was normalized to 100. A litter of 4 <i>Nefl</i><sup><i>+/+</i></sup> and 4 <i>Nefl</i><sup><i>N98S/+</i></sup> mice was used in this study. * <i>p</i> < 0.05.</p
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