Compositions comprising citrate and applications thereof

In one aspect, methods of promoting bone growth are described herein. In some embodiments, a method of promoting bone growth described herein comprises promoting cell differentiation or phenotype progression in a population of bone cells by providing a citrate-presenting composition to the population of bone cells. In some embodiments, the citrate-presenting composition is provided to the bone cells at a first stage of cell development selected to obtain a first cell differentiation or phenotype progression. Additionally, in some cases, a second citrate-presenting composition is further provided to the bone cells at a second stage of cell development selected to obtain a second cell differentiation or phenotype progression.Board of Regents, University of Texas Syste

Two-field Warm Inflation and Its Scalar Perturbations on Large Scales

We explore the homogeneous background dynamics and the evolution of generated perturbations of cosmological inflation that is driven by multiple scalar fields interacting with a perfect fluid.Then we apply the method to warm inflation driven by two scalar fields and a radiation fluid, and present general results about the evolution of the inflaton and radiation. After decomposing the perturbations into adiabatic and entropy modes, we give the equation of motion of adiabatic and entropy perturbations on large scales. Then, we give numerical results of background and perturbation equations in a concrete model (the dissipative coefficient $\Gamma \propto H$). At last, we use the most recent observational data to constrain our models and give the observationally allowed regions of parameters. This work is a natural extension of warm inflation to multi-field cases.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figure