The policy mix of green finance in China: an evolutionary and multilevel perspective

Against the background of climate change, green finance has received worldwide attention in recent years, as policymakers bring the ‘green’ idea into financial sectors and encourage investments in green projects. From an evolutionary and multilevel perspective, this study conducts a comprehensive review of the policy mix of green finance in China. Our analysis emphasizes the dimensions of time and scale of a policy mix that are important elements to understanding the evolution process. We identify a transition process in green finance policies in China with changes in both policy objectives and policy instruments. China has gradually shifted its policy focus from direct public intervention and investment to the construction of a green finance market. From the multilevel perspective, the dynamic vertical interactions between different levels of government have played an important role in this transition. Key policy insightsTime and scale are important dimensions of a green finance policy mix, as policy strategies and instruments evolve over time; policies are also designed and implemented at different scales – with direction, learning and guidance from national to local (provincial) and eventually, with time, vice versa.China’s green finance policy mix is undergoing a transitional process, characterized by a shift from direct public intervention and investment to the construction of a green finance market. This involves placing greater emphasis on attracting private investment and financing, and moving away from top-down intervention towards a market-based, polycentric approach with greater engagement and interaction with the private sector.The dynamic vertical interactions between different levels of government have played an important role in the transition toward a more market-based approach. For instance, we find that local experimentation of green finance policies explores different development models for the local financial system against diverse local contexts, and these have, in turn, both influenced policy design of the central government and in some instances diffused to other jurisdictions. Time and scale are important dimensions of a green finance policy mix, as policy strategies and instruments evolve over time; policies are also designed and implemented at different scales – with direction, learning and guidance from national to local (provincial) and eventually, with time, vice versa. China’s green finance policy mix is undergoing a transitional process, characterized by a shift from direct public intervention and investment to the construction of a green finance market. This involves placing greater emphasis on attracting private investment and financing, and moving away from top-down intervention towards a market-based, polycentric approach with greater engagement and interaction with the private sector. The dynamic vertical interactions between different levels of government have played an important role in the transition toward a more market-based approach. For instance, we find that local experimentation of green finance policies explores different development models for the local financial system against diverse local contexts, and these have, in turn, both influenced policy design of the central government and in some instances diffused to other jurisdictions.</p

Total Synthesis of Cystothiazoles A and B

Convergent enantioselective syntheses of the antifungal agents cystothiazoles A and B are described. The routes feature an asymmetric crotylation using a propargylic dicobalt hexacarbonyl complex, which provided enhanced diastereoselectivity over the uncomplexed propargylic acetal. The bisthiazole fragment was united with the side chain through a Stille cross-coupling of a terminal (E)-vinylstannane with a 4-trifloyl-substituted thiazole

Enantioselective Synthesis of Linear Polypropionate Arrays Using Anthracene-Tagged Organosilanes

Preparation and use of anthracene-tagged organosilanes in an iterative, resin-capture-release protocol for the stereocontrolled synthesis of polypropionate arrays are described

Satellite-Based Global Sea Surface Oxygen Mapping and Interpretation with Spatiotemporal Machine Learning

The assessment of dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration at the sea surface is essential for comprehending the global ocean oxygen cycle and associated environmental and biochemical processes as it serves as the primary site for photosynthesis and sea-air exchange. However, limited comprehensive measurements and imprecise numerical simulations have impeded the study of global sea surface DO and its relationship with environmental challenges. This paper presents a novel spatiotemporal information embedding machine-learning framework that provides explanatory insights into the underlying driving mechanisms. By integrating extensive in situ data and high-resolution satellite data, the proposed framework successfully generated high-resolution (0.25° × 0.25°) estimates of DO concentration with exceptional accuracy (R2 = 0.95, RMSE = 11.95 μmol/kg, and test number = 2805) for near-global sea surface areas from 2010 to 2018, uncertainty estimated to be ±13.02 μmol/kg. The resulting sea surface DO data set exhibits precise spatial distribution and reveals compelling correlations with prominent marine phenomena and environmental stressors. Leveraging its interpretability, our model further revealed the key influence of marine factors on surface DO and their implications for environmental issues. The presented machine-learning framework offers an improved DO data set with higher resolution, facilitating the exploration of oceanic DO variability, deoxygenation phenomena, and their potential consequences for environments

DataSheet_1_Reconstruction of dissolved oxygen in the Indian Ocean from 1980 to 2019 based on machine learning techniques.docx

Oceanic dissolved oxygen (DO) decline in the Indian Ocean has profound implications for Earth’s climate and human habitation in Eurasia and Africa. Owing to sparse observations, there is little research on DO variations, regional comparisons, and its relationship with marine environmental changes in the entire Indian Ocean. In this study, we applied different machine learning algorithms to fit regression models between measured DO, ocean reanalysis physical variables, and spatiotemporal variables. We utilized the Extremely Randomized Trees (ERT) model with the best performance, inputting complete reanalysis data and spatiotemporal information to reconstruct a four-dimensional DO dataset of the Indian Ocean during 1980–2019. The evaluation results showed that the ERT-based DO dataset was superior to the DO simulations in Earth System Models across different time and space. Furthermore, we assessed the spatiotemporal variations in reconstructed DO dataset. DO decline and oxygen-minimum zone (OMZ) expansion were prominent in the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, and Equatorial Indian Ocean. Through correlation analysis, we found that temperature and salinity changes related to solubility primarily control the oxygen decrease in the middle and deep sea. However, the complicated factors with solubility change, vertical mixing, and circulation govern the oxygen increase in the upper and middle sea. Finally, we conducted a volume integral to estimate the oxygen content in the Indian Ocean. Overall, a deoxygenation trend of −141.5 ± 15.1 Tmol dec−1 was estimated over four decades, with a slowdown trend of −68.9 ± 31.3 Tmol dec−1 after 2000. Under global warming and climate change, OMZ expanding and deoxygenation in the Indian Ocean are gradually mitigating. This study enhances our understanding of DO dynamics of the Indian Ocean in response to deoxygenation.</p

Probing a Proximity-Coupling-Induced Hybrid Anomalous Hall Effect in Epitaxial MnBi₂Te₄/Bi₂Te₃ Nanostructures

The alliance of magnetism and non-trivial topology provides a promising platform for exploring exotic topological quantum states such as high temperature quantum anomalous Hall insulator and robust axion insulator, and the strategies of dilute magnetically doped, intrinsic magnetic materials and proximity of magnetic materials have been successfully pursued to achieve magnetic ordering in topological insulators. However, the intricate interplay between the topological insulator and intrinsic magnetic topological insulator has rarely been investigated, which may hold the promise of producing quantum anomalous Hall insulators with a tunable Chern number. Here, we grow MnBi2Te4/Bi2Te3 nanostructures by means of a molecular beam epitaxy and observe a typical proximity-coupling-induced anomalous Hall effect at the interface. The long-range ferromagnetic order with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in the Bi2Te3 layer has been established successfully. The hybrid anomalous Hall effect from both layers can be separated precisely by the classical molecular field model in the whole magnetic field regime, which reflects that the magnetization of heterostructures reversed layer by layer gradually. Moreover, through an ionic gate, we can partly modulate the hybrid anomalous Hall effect of heterostructures, and the Fermi level-associated anomalous Hall effect component can be tailored effectively. Our work not only realizes the introduction of magnetic order to a topological material but also verifies a strategy to modulate the anomalous Hall effect response via structural engineering. These findings may spark further exploration of multiple quantum anomalous Hall insulators and heterostructure-based multifunctional applications

Trehalose in Trace Quantities as a Multifunctional Electrolyte Additive for Highly Reversible Zinc Metal Anodes

The unsatisfactory performance of Zn metal anodes significantly impedes the commercial application of aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs). Herein, we introduce a trace amount of a multifunctional trehalose additive to enhance the stability and reversibility of Zn metal anodes. The trehalose additive exhibits a stronger Zn2+ ion affinity due to abundant lone-pair electrons, disrupting hydrogen bonds in H2O, regulating solvation structures, and tuning the Zn–electrolyte interface. Consequently, the Zn metal anode demonstrates a remarkable Coulombic efficiency of 99.80% and a cycle stability exceeding 4500 h at 1 mA cm–2. Even under stringent conditions of 10 mA cm–2, the Zn metal anode maintains a cumulative capacity of 2500 mA h cm–2 without a short circuit. Furthermore, Zn//Zn symmetric batteries exhibit excellent low-temperature cycle performance (over 400 h at −10 °C). As a proof of concept, assembled Zn//NH4V4O10 and Zn//MnO2 pouch cells demonstrate an improved electrochemical performance. This work presents an electrolyte additive strategy for achieving stable zinc anode operation in AZIBs

Electrostatic Doping of Electron–Phonon Interaction in 1T′-TaTe₂ with an Electric Double Layer Interface

Prominent electron–phonon interactions in transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) play an important role in remarkable charge lattice-modulated structures. 1T′-TaTe2 flakes with the room temperature (RT)- and low temperature (LT)-modulated electronic states and trimerized states have been recently discovered to have a different stacking character and lattice structure. However, the role of carrier doping in the charge-lattice modulation of two-dimensional (2D) materials remains elusive. Here, based on the electron-double-layer (EDL) of the liquid gate, we demonstrated the experimental observation of electric field-induced electron doping-modulated intralayer and interlayer interactions in 1T′-TaTe2 flakes. Remarkable tuning of the Raman modes can be observed by changing the carrier doping of 1T′-TaTe2 (RT-TaTe2) flakes at room temperature. The modulated intralayer and interlayer vibration modes originating from the changing carrier density show a doping-induced electron–phonon interaction and are associated with band structures, which are further verified using first-principles calculations. Such electrical control of charge lattice-modulated structures in an electrical gating geometry provides a new degree of charge-lattice modulation to modify the physical properties in 2D systems

Centimeter-Scale Two-Dimensional Metallenes for High-Efficiency Electrocatalysis and Sensing

Two-dimensional (2D) metals have received considerable attention in recent years because of their fascinating physical and chemical properties, as well as potential applications in electrocatalysis, sensors, plasmonics, etc. However, the fabrication of 2D metals, especially atomically thin ones with large lateral size, remains a significant challenge because of the strong and isotropic metallic bonds. Here, we use Pt as a model system and demonstrate a general way to fabricate freestanding, high-quality 2D metals with giant aspect ratios (as large as ∼107) and controllable thickness down to 1 nm via a combination of room-temperature physical deposition and chemical etching. The cool deposition could suppress the Volmer–Webber growth mode, resulting in the formation of continuous ultrathin Pt with smooth surface and high conductivity. Moreover, the ultrathin 2D Pt exhibit outstanding hydrogen evolution reaction activity with a mass activity of 8.06 mA μg–1 at 0.06 V, ∼18 times higher than that of the commercial Pt/C catalyst. Additionally, the freestanding Pt-based strain sensor exhibits a high gauge factor of up to ∼4643, which is 3 orders of magnitude higher than that of conventional constantan wire-based strain gauges. Our studies pave the way for further developing wafer-scale 2D metal-based devices for various applications

Antibacterial Optimization of 4-Aminothiazolyl Analogues of the Natural Product GE2270 A: Identification of the Cycloalkylcarboxylic Acids

4-Aminothiazolyl analogues of the antibiotic natural product GE2270 A (1) were designed, synthesized, and optimized for their activity against Gram positive bacterial infections. Optimization efforts focused on improving the physicochemical properties (e.g., aqueous solubility and chemical stability) of the 4-aminothiazolyl natural product template while improving the in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity. Structure–activity relationships were defined, and the solubility and efficacy profiles were improved over those of previous analogues and 1. These studies identified novel, potent, soluble, and efficacious elongation factor-Tu inhibitors, which bear cycloalkylcarboxylic acid side chains, and culminated in the selection of development candidates amide 48 and urethane 58