Solubilities of Three Flavonoids in Different Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents at <i>T</i> = (288.15 to 328.15) K

The solubilities of phloretin, phlorizin, and naringin dihydrochacone (naringin DC) respectively were determined in a ternary system made of natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) at the temperature range from 288.15 to 328.15 K with an analytical method. Compared with the solubility of phloretin in water, there was a dramatic improvement in the solubility of phloretin in the selected NADES, especially in CCiH and CSH. The density and viscosity of four kinds of NADES choline chloride + glucose + H₂O, choline chloride + citric acid + H₂O, citric acid + glucose + H₂O, and choline chloride + sucrose + H₂O were studied in this work. The solubility data were correlated with Apelblat equation and <i>λh</i> equation. The fitted results showed that the models are capable of representing the data with high accuracy

Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Eight Essential Oils Obtained from Traditional Chinese Medicines Using Supercritical Fluid Extraction Coupled Molecular Distillation

Atractylodes chinensis (DC.) Koidz., Magnolia officinalis Rehd. et Wils., Citrus reticulata Blanco, Amomum villosum Lour., Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth., Mosla chinensis Maxim., Zingiber officinale Rosc., and Artemisia argyi Lévl. et Vant are eight of the extensively used herbs among Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCM) with a long history. The essential oil (EO) extracts of the eight TCMs were obtained using supercritical fluid extraction coupled with molecular distillation to investigate the chemical composition, antimicrobial, antioxidant activities, and anti-inflammatory activity for further exploration of the underlying mechanism of the various biological activities. The chemical components of the EO were analyzed by GC-MS. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the agar-well diffusion assay and the minimum inhibitory concentration assay. The antioxidant activity of the EO was evaluated by 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical and 2, 2’-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid ammonium salt assays. The anti-inflammatory activity of a recipe named “Shenshusan” was evaluated by the xylene-induce ear vasodilatation assay and the acetic acid-induce capillary permeability enhancement assay. Chemical constituents of the EO varied markedly among the eight species of TCMs. The EOs from Mosla chinensis and Artemisia argyi exhibited strong antimicrobial activity while the EOs from Magnolia officinalis, Mosla chinensis and Zingiber officinale exhibited strong antioxidant activity. The recipe “Shenshusan” showed significant anti-inflammatory activity (340 mg/kg for mice). This study contributes to what is known about the eight kinds of TCM possesses the potent antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity which held great potential and can help guide future recommendations and interventions for food, medicine, and cosmetics application.</p

Measurement and Correlation of Solubility of Theobromine, Theophylline, and Caffeine in Water and Organic Solvents at Various Temperatures

The solubility of theobromine, theophylline, and caffeine in water and five organic solvents including methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, ethyl acetate, and acetone was determined by a high performance liquid chromatography method at <i>T</i> = (288.15 to 328.15) K and atmospheric pressure. It was found that the solubility of theobromine, theophylline, and caffeine in these solvents increased with increasing temperature. The empirical Apelblat equation and universal quasichemical model were used to correlate the experimental solubility. The results showed that both models can satisfactorily correlate the solubility data. The crystal forms of the solutes in equilibrium with the saturated solution were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and powder X-ray diffraction