Identification of the hot spot residues for pyridine derivative inhibitor CCT251455 and ATP substrate binding on monopolar spindle 1 (MPS1) kinase by molecular dynamic simulation

<p>Protein kinase monopolar spindle 1 plays an important role in spindle assembly checkpoint at the onset of mitosis. Over expression of MPS1 correlated with a wide range of human tumors makes it an attractive target for finding an effective and specific inhibitor. In this work, we performed molecular dynamics simulations of protein MPS1 itself as well as protein bound systems with the inhibitor and natural substrate based on crystal structures. The reported orally bioavailable 1 h-pyrrolo [3,2-c] pyridine inhibitors of MPS1 maintained stable binding in the catalytic site, while natural substrate ATP could not stay. Comparative study of stability and flexibility of three systems reveals position shifting of β-sheet region within the catalytic site, which indicates inhibition mechanism was through stabilizing the β-sheet region. Binding free energies calculated with MM-GB/PBSA method shows different binding affinity for inhibitor and ATP. Finally, interactions between protein and inhibitor during molecular dynamic simulations were measured and counted. Residue Gly605 and Leu654 were suggested as important hot spots for stable binding of inhibitor by molecular dynamic simulation. Our results reveal an important position shifting within catalytic site for non-inhibited proteins. Together with hot spots found by molecular dynamic simulation, the results provide important information of inhibition mechanism and will be referenced for designing novel inhibitors.</p

Image_1_The two-component system CpxAR is required for the high potassium stress survival of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae.tif

IntroductionActinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is an important respiratory pathogen, which can cause porcine contagious pleuropneumonia and lead to great economic losses to worldwide swine industry. High potassium is an adverse environment for bacteria, which is not conducive to providing turgor pressure for cell growth and division. Two-component system CpxAR is an important regulatory system of bacteria in response to environmental changes, which is involved in a variety of biological activities, such as antibiotic resistance, periplasmic protein folding, peptidoglycan metabolism and so on.MethodsHowever, little is known about the role of CpxAR in high potassium stress in A. pleuropneumoniae. Here, we showed that CpxAR is critical for cell division of A. pleuropneumoniae under high potassium (K+) stress.ResultsqRT-PCR analysis found that CpxAR positively regulated the cell division genes ftsEX. In addition, we also demonstrated that CpxR-P could directly bind the promoter region of the cell division gene ftsE by EMSA.DiscussionIn conclusion, our results described a mechanism where CpxAR adjusts A. pleuropneumoniae survival under high-K+ stress by upregulating the expression of the cell division proteins FtsE and FtsX. These findings are the first to directly demonstrate CpxAR-mediated high-K+ tolerance, and to investigate the detailed molecular mechanism.</p

Data_Sheet_1_The two-component system CpxAR is required for the high potassium stress survival of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae.ZIP

IntroductionActinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is an important respiratory pathogen, which can cause porcine contagious pleuropneumonia and lead to great economic losses to worldwide swine industry. High potassium is an adverse environment for bacteria, which is not conducive to providing turgor pressure for cell growth and division. Two-component system CpxAR is an important regulatory system of bacteria in response to environmental changes, which is involved in a variety of biological activities, such as antibiotic resistance, periplasmic protein folding, peptidoglycan metabolism and so on.MethodsHowever, little is known about the role of CpxAR in high potassium stress in A. pleuropneumoniae. Here, we showed that CpxAR is critical for cell division of A. pleuropneumoniae under high potassium (K+) stress.ResultsqRT-PCR analysis found that CpxAR positively regulated the cell division genes ftsEX. In addition, we also demonstrated that CpxR-P could directly bind the promoter region of the cell division gene ftsE by EMSA.DiscussionIn conclusion, our results described a mechanism where CpxAR adjusts A. pleuropneumoniae survival under high-K+ stress by upregulating the expression of the cell division proteins FtsE and FtsX. These findings are the first to directly demonstrate CpxAR-mediated high-K+ tolerance, and to investigate the detailed molecular mechanism.</p

Mesenchymal Stem Cells Attenuate Peritoneal Injury through Secretion of TSG-6

<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Mesothelial cell injury plays an important role in peritoneal fibrosis. Present clinical therapies aimed at alleviating peritoneal fibrosis have been largely inadequate. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are efficient for repairing injuries and reducing fibrosis. This study was designed to investigate the effects of MSCs on injured mesothelial cells and peritoneal fibrosis.</p> <h3>Methodology/Principal Findings</h3><p>Rat bone marrow-derived MSCs (5 ×10⁶) were injected into Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats via tail vein 24 h after peritoneal scraping. Distinct reductions in adhesion formation; infiltration of neutrophils, macrophage cells; number of fibroblasts; and level of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 were found in MSCs-treated rats. The proliferation and repair of peritoneal mesothelial cells in MSCs-treated rats were stimulated. Mechanically injured mesothelial cells co-cultured with MSCs in transwells showed distinct increases in migration and proliferation. <em>In vivo</em> imaging showed that MSCs injected intravenously mainly accumulated in the lungs which persisted for at least seven days. No apparent MSCs were observed in the injured peritoneum even when MSCs were injected intraperitoneally. The injection of serum-starved MSCs-conditioned medium (CM) intravenously reduced adhesions similar to MSCs. Antibody based protein array of MSCs-CM showed that the releasing of TNFα-stimulating gene (TSG)-6 increased most dramatically. Promotion of mesothelial cell repair and reduction of peritoneal adhesion were produced by the administration of recombinant mouse (rm) TSG-6, and were weakened by TSG-6-RNA interfering.</p> <h3>Conclusions/Significance</h3><p>Collectively, these results indicate that MSCs may attenuate peritoneal injury by repairing mesothelial cells, reducing inflammation and fibrosis. Rather than the engraftment, the secretion of TSG-6 by MSCs makes a major contribution to the therapeutic benefits of MSCs.</p> </div

Tracking the distribution of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) injected into rats.

<p>(A1). <i>In vivo</i> imaging revealed that MSCs injected via tail vein first accumulated in the lungs and gradually in the liver and the spleen. (A2). <i>In vivo</i> imaging revealed that MSCs injected intraperitoneally first accumulated in the liver and gradually in the spleen. No signal was found in the injured peritoneum. (B). An immunofluorescence evaluation of green fluorescent protein (GFP) (red) detected MSCs in the lungs. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). Magnification  = ×1000.</p

Release of TNFα-stimulating gene (TSG)-6 by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).

<p>(A). Cytokine profile of 30-folded serum-starved MSCs-conditioned medium (CM) within 24 h was analyzed by rat cytokine antibody array and label-based rat antibody array. Compared with 0 h MSCs-CM, wound healing cytokine TSG-6 was released abundantly by 12 h (52.7-fold) and 24 h (194-fold) serum-starved MSCs. The results were normalized to the positive controls. Similar results were obtained from three independent MSCs-CM samples. (B). TSG-6 in 30-folded serum-starved MSCs-CM within 24 h were measured by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The concentration of TSG-6 in 12 h MSCs-CM was 0.75±0.09 ng/ml (49-fold increase, compared with 0 h MSCs-CM), 24 h MSCs-CM was 3.08±0.22 ng/ml (199.8-fold increase, compared with 0 h MSCs-CM). Three independent samples were placed in three repetitive holes. * compared with 0h MSCs-CM, <i>p</i> <0.05; # compared with 12 h MSCs-CM, <i>p</i> <0.05.</p

TNF-stimulating gene (TSG)-6 secreted by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) ameliorated the peritoneal injury.

<p>(A). The effects of TSG-6 on the repair of mechanically injured rat peritoneal mesothelial cells (RPMCs). (A1). Microscopy of RPMCs migrating to the edge of the wound to show the migratory velocity (μm/h). Injured RPMCs co-cultured with TSG-6-siRNA MSCs showed significant reductions in the migratory capacity. However, migrations were significantly increased dose-dependently in RPMCs cultured in medium containing recombinant mouse (rm) TSG-6. * compared with control group, <i>p</i> <0.05; # compared with MSCs co-cultured group, <i>p</i> <0.05; n  = 3, respectively. (A2). Immunofluorescence analysis with PCNA (red) and E-Cadherin (green) revealed the proliferation of injured RPMCs. RPMCs co-cultured with TSG-6-siRNA MSCs showed no apparent increase in the proliferative capacity. whereas the proliferation peak of RPMCs cultured with rmTSG-6 was accelerated to 6 h after scraping. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). Magnification  = ×600. (B). The effects of TSG-6 on acute peritoneal adhesions. (B1). TSG-6-siRNA MSCs-CM treated group had no significant reduction in adhesion scores days 14 after scraping. However, adhesion scores were reduced in rmTSG-6 treated group. The size and severity of peritoneal adhesions were evaluated macroscopically by an independent observer on a scale of 0–4 (0, 0%; 1, <25%; 2, 25–49%; 3, 50–74%; and 4, 75–100% adhesions). * compared with medium treated group, <i>p</i> <0.05, n  = 6, respectively. (B2). Histological changes were evaluated using masson's trichrome staining. TSG-6-siRNA MSCs-CM treated group revealed no apparent reduction in fibrosis in the scraped peritoneum days 14 after scraping. However, fibrosis were reduced in rmTSG-6 treated group. Magnification  = ×400. (B3). The scores of peritoneal fibrosis days 14 after scraping were reduced by injecting rmTSG-6, but not by injecting TSG-6-siRNA MSCs-CM. * compared with medium treated group, <i>p</i> <0.05, n  = 6, respectively. The sections were evaluated from five randomly selected fields under a magnification of ×100 by an independent pathologist. The extent of fibrosis was scored as 0 (negative), 1 (weak), 2 (medium), or 3 (intensive).</p

Effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on the repair of peritoneal mesothelial cells.

<p>(A). Immunohistochemical evaluation of peritoneal mesothelial cells (E-Cadherin) in acute peritoneal adhesions. (A1). The number of mesothelial cells after peritoneal scraping was increased by injecting MSCs. Magnification  = ×400. (A2). The immunohistochemical scores of E-Cadherin days 2, 4 after scraping were increased by injecting MSCs. * compared with medium treated group, <i>p</i> <0.05, n  = 6, respectively. Sections were evaluated from five randomly selected fields under a magnification of ×100 by an independent pathologist. The extent of staining was scored as 0 (0%), 1 (1–20%), 2 (21–50%), 3 (51–80%), and 4 (81–100%), indicating the percentage of positive staining in the adhesion tissue. (B). Immunofluorescence evaluation of injured peritoneum days 4 after scraping using antibodies to E-Cadherin (green) and PCNA (red). The nucleus was counterstained with DAPI (blue). Dual-stained cells (indicated as arrows) were predominantly expressed in the MSCs treated group. Magnification  = ×600 and ×1800, when necessary.</p

Antibody based protein array of cytokine profile in serum-starved mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-conditioned medium (CM) within 24 h.

<p>The results were normalized to the positive controls. Similar results were obtained from three independent MSCs-CM samples. TSG-6, TNF-stimulating gene-6; LIX, lipopolysaccharide-induced CXC chemokine; MMP-8, matrix metalloproteinase-8; CINC, cytokine induced neutrophil chemoattractant; TIMP, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase; vascular VEGF, endothelial growth factor; ICAM, inter-cellular adhesion molecule; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor.</p

Effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on the inflammation and fibrosis of acute peritoneal adhesions.

<p>(A). Immunohistochemical evaluation revealed that the numbers of fibroblasts (FSP-1), neutrophils (MPO), and macrophage cells (ED-1), and the level of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 during the active phase in acute peritoneal adhesions were decreased by injecting MSCs. Magnification  = ×400. (B). The immunohistochemical scores of MPO days 2, 4, ED-1 days 6, FSP-1 and TGF-β1 days 4, 6 after scraping were reduced by injecting MSCs. * compared with medium treated group, <i>p</i> <0.05, n  = 6, respectively. Sections were evaluated from five randomly selected fields under a magnification of ×100 by an independent pathologist. The extent of staining was scored as 0 (0%), 1 (1–20%), 2 (21–50%), 3 (51–80%), and 4 (81–100%), indicating the percentage of positive staining in the adhesion tissue.</p