Effects of species differences in migration probability from the metacommunity to the local community on the local community structure.

<p>Parameter values: <i>θ</i> = 50, and (a) <i>m</i> = 0.01, σ = 0, 0.1, 1 and 4, respectively; (b) <i>m</i> = 0. 1, σ = 0, 0.1, 1 and 4, respectively; (c) <i>m</i> = 0.3, σ = 0, 0.1, 1 and 4, respectively. Large differences in species per capita immigration ability result in decreased species richness and deviation of species abundance distributions in local communities from those predicted by the neutral theory. The black bars are for the neutral model. The results are the average over 100 replicate simulations, and the variances are similar for different values of σ, which are not shown in the figure for clarity.</p

Goodness of fit of the neutral model to relative abundance distributions in local communities with differences in species' per capita immigration probability.

<p>Parameter values: (a) <i>m</i> = 0.01, σ = 4; (b) <i>m</i> = 0.1, σ = 4; (c) <i>m</i> = 0.3, σ = 4. Each point represents the percentage value by comparing the LV and LV<i>_i</i> (<i>i</i> = 1, …, 100) for each replicate simulation of the same parameter set.</p

The relationship between species per capita regional migration probability and species rank in abundance in local communities.

<p>Parameter values are the same as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0024128#pone-0024128-g001" target="_blank">Fig.1</a>.</p

Maximum likelihood estimates (Etienne 2005) of <i>θ</i> and <i>m</i> by the neutral model, with <i>J</i> = 10 000, <i>θ</i> = 50.

<p> and are estimated values of θ and m from the mean species abundance distribution averaged over 100 replicate simulations, whereas and in the brackets are averages over estimated values for 100 replicate simulations for each parameter set.</p

Analysis of essential oils from <i>Voacanga africana</i> seeds at different hydrodistillation extraction stages: chemical composition, antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity

<div><p>In this study, essential oils from <i>Voacanga africana</i> seeds at different extraction stages were investigated. In the chemical composition analysis, 27 compounds representing 86.69–95.03% of the total essential oils were identified and quantified. The main constituents in essential oils were terpenoids, alcohols and fatty acids accounting for 15.03–24.36%, 21.57–34.43% and 33.06–57.37%, respectively. Moreover, the analysis also revealed that essential oils from different extraction stages possessed different chemical compositions. In the antioxidant evaluation, all analysed oils showed similar antioxidant behaviours, and the concentrations of essential oils providing 50% inhibition of DPPH-scavenging activity (IC₅₀) were about 25 mg/mL. In the antimicrobial experiments, essential oils from different extraction stages exhibited different antimicrobial activities. The antimicrobial activity of oils was affected by extraction stages. By controlling extraction stages, it is promising to obtain essential oils with desired antimicrobial activities.</p></div

MOESM1 of Metabolic engineering of Acremonium chrysogenum for improving cephalosporin C production independent of methionine stimulation

Additional file 1: Table S1. Strains and plasmids used in this study. Table S2. Primers used in this study. Fig. S1. Cephalosporin C production of WT detected by UPLC/MS in the MDFA medium with or without addition of 3.2 g/L methionine. Fig. S2. Mycelium dry weight of A. chrysogenum in the MDFA medium with or without addition of 3.2 g/L methionine. Fig. S3. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis of the SAM synthetase family proteins. Fig. S4. Cephalosporin C production of WT and WT/pAg1PT-G418 in the MDFA medium with or without addition of 3.2 g/L methionine. Fig. S5. Construction and validation of the AcsamS overexpressed strain (AcsamsOE). Fig. S6. Cephalosporin C production of WT and AcsamsOE was detected by UPLC/MS in MDFA medium. Fig. S7. Mycelium dry weight of AcsamsOE in the MDFA medium with or without addition of 3.2 g/L methionine. Fig. S8. Cephalosporin C production of AcsamsOE in the MDFA medium supplemented with different concentration of SAM. Fig. S9. Sequence alignment of the leucine carboxyl methyltransferase superfamily proteins. Fig. S10. Construction and validation of the Acppm1 disruption mutant (Acppm1DM). Fig. S11. Cephalosporin C production of WT and Acppm1DM was detected by UPLC/MS. Fig. S12. Mycelium dry weight of Acppm1DM, Acppm1CM, Acppm1OE in the MDFA medium with or without addition of 0.32 g/L methionine. Fig. S13. The relative transcriptional level of AcsamS in WT and Acppm1DM. Fig. S14. The relative transcriptional level of AcmetH, AccysD, AcmecA and mecB of WT in the MDFA medium with or without addition of 3.2 g/L methionine. Fig. S15. Cephalosporin C production of Acppm1DM and Acppm1DM-AcsamsOE. Fig. S16. The relative transcriptional level of mecB in Acppm1DM. Fig. S17. Construction and validation of the mecB overexpressed strain (Acppm1DM-mecBOE). Fig. S18. Cephalosporin C production of WT and Acppm1DM-mecBOE was detected by UPLC/MS in MDFA medium. Fig. S19. Mycelium dry weight of WT and Acppm1DM-mecBOE in the MDFA medium supplemented with 0, 0.32 g/L and 3.2 g/L of methionine respectively. Fig. S20. Construction and validation of Acppm1DM-mecBOE-AcsamsOE. Fig. S21. Cephalosporin C production of Acppm1DM-mecBOE-AcsamsOE

Experimental and Model Study on Enantioselective Extraction of Phenylglycine Enantiomers with BINAP–Metal Complexes

Enantioselective extraction of phenylglycine (PHG) enantiomers with (<i>S</i>)-BINAP–metal complexes as chiral selector was investigated. A reactive extraction model was established to interpret the experimental data. The complexation equilibrium constants and other important parameters required by the model were determined experimentally. The extraction system shows good selectivity toward PHG enantiomers. The complex [(<i>S</i>)-BINAP­(CH₃CN)­Cu]­[PF₆] (BINAP–Cu) exhibits the highest selectivity among the selectors studied, which is dissolved in the organic phase and preferentially extracts l-PHG from aqueous phase. Efficiency of extraction depends, often strongly, on a number of process variables, including types of organic solvents and metal precursors, concentration of selector, pH, and temperature. The model quantitatively predicts extraction performance as a function of key operating parameters, providing a simple computational approach to process optimization. The model was verified experimentally with excellent results

Altered Resting-State Brain Activity and Connectivity in Depressed Parkinson’s Disease

<div><p>Depressive symptoms are common in Parkinson’s disease (PD), but the neurophysiological mechanisms of depression in PD are poorly understood. The current study attempted to examine disrupted spontaneous local brain activities and functional connectivities that underlie the depression in PD. We recruited a total of 20 depressed PD patients (DPD), 40 non-depressed PD patients (NDPD) and 43 matched healthy controls (HC). All the subjects underwent neuropsychological tests and resting-state fMRI scanning. The between-group differences in the amplitude of low frequency fluctuations (ALFF) of BOLD signals were examined using post-hoc tests after the analysis of covariance. Compared with the NDPD and HC, the DPD group showed significantly increased ALFF in the left median cingulated cortex (MCC). The functional connectivity (FC) between left MCC and all the other voxels in the brain were then calculated. Compared with the HC and NDPD group, the DPD patients showed stronger FC between the left MCC and some of the major nodes of the default mode network (DMN), including the post cingulated cortex/precuneus, medial prefrontal cortex, inferior frontal gyrus, and cerebellum. Correlation analysis revealed that both the ALFF values in the left MCC and the FC between the left MCC and the nodes of DMN were significantly correlated with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score. Moreover, higher local activities in the left MCC were associated with increased functional connections between the MCC and the nodes of DMN in PD. These abnormal activities and connectivities of the limbic-cortical circuit may indicate impaired high-order cortical control or uncontrol of negative mood in DPD, which suggested a possible neural mechanism of the depression in PD.</p></div

The effect of lead investor’s human capital on funding performance: the moderating role of investment ambition

We seek to determine the correlation between the human capital of lead investors and their funding performance within equity crowdfunding syndicates. We posit that the multi-faceted human capital of lead investors conveys their credibility and project quality. Using data derived from a sample of 157 individual lead investors on AngelList, we find that lead investors with higher levels of investment experience and entrepreneurial experience display improved funding performance. The research also highlights that lead investors’ investment ambitions moderate the effects of work experience and managerial experience on their funding performance. However, educational level and Ivy League education do not lead to significant effects on lead investors’ funding performance. This article contributes to the ongoing discussion on the role of human capital in crowdfunding by offering a multi-faceted view from an investor’s perspective.</p

The effect of lead investor’s human capital on funding performance: the moderating role of investment ambition

We seek to determine the correlation between the human capital of lead investors and their funding performance within equity crowdfunding syndicates. We posit that the multi-faceted human capital of lead investors conveys their credibility and project quality. Using data derived from a sample of 157 individual lead investors on AngelList, we find that lead investors with higher levels of investment experience and entrepreneurial experience display improved funding performance. The research also highlights that lead investors’ investment ambitions moderate the effects of work experience and managerial experience on their funding performance. However, educational level and Ivy League education do not lead to significant effects on lead investors’ funding performance. This article contributes to the ongoing discussion on the role of human capital in crowdfunding by offering a multi-faceted view from an investor’s perspective.</p