Multivariate Cox Regression Analysis for Recurrence-Free Survival and Overall Survival in Patients with Gastric Cancer.

<p>Abbreviations: HSP90, heat shock protein 90; CI, confidence interval.</p>a<p>Cox proportional hazard model regression. Bold values are statistically significant (<i>P</i><0.05).</p

Gastric cancer tissue illustrating the range of intensities of HSP90 immunostaining from 0 to 3.

<p>The scale bar represents 100 µm.</p

Well-Designed Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents As Green and Efficient Media for the Extraction of Artemisinin from Artemisia annua Leaves

The green and efficient extraction of bioactive compounds from plant biomass is an important area of interest in the pharmaceutical industries. Hydrophilic deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been considered as green alternatives to conventional solvents for bioactive compound extraction. In this study, we aimed to provide a practical example demonstrating the tunability of hydrophobic DESs as designer solvents to efficiently extract bioactive compounds from plant biomass. Artemisinin, known as the only drug effective in the treatment of malaria, was chosen for extraction from Artemisia annua leaves. A hydrophobic DES named N81Cl-NBA that was tailor-made from methyl trioctyl ammonium chloride and 1-butanol at a molar ratio of 1:4 showed the highest extraction yield. With N81Cl-NBA-based ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), the main factors affecting the extraction yield were statistically optimized using a central composite design combined with a response surface methodology. The optimal conditions were obtained as follows: solvent/solid ratio 17.5:1, ultrasonic power 180 W, temperature 45 °C, particle size 80 mesh, and extraction time 70 min. Under these conditions, an extraction yield of 7.9936 ± 0.0364 mg/g was obtained, which was distinctly higher than that obtained using the conventional organic solvent petroleum ether. Moreover, the recovery of the target artemisinin from the N81Cl-NBA extraction solution was achieved by AB-8 macroporous resin with a recovery yield of 85.65%. N81Cl-NBA could be reused at least two times without a significant decrease in extraction yield. This study suggests that not only hydrophilic DESs but also hydrophobic DESs are truly designer solvents that can be used as green and safe extraction solvents for pharmaceutical applications

Predictive Variables for Recurrence-Free Survival and Overall Survival of 157 Patients with Gastric Cancer.

<p>Predictive Variables for Recurrence-Free Survival and Overall Survival of 157 Patients with Gastric Cancer.</p

HSP90 and MMP-9 protein levels correlated in 322 advanced gastric cancer tissues.

<p>(<b>A</b>, <b>B</b>) IHC staining for HSP90 and MMP-9 was performed in tumors from 322 patients with advanced gastric carcinoma. Representative examples of HSP90 and MMP-9 staining in serial sections from the same tumor samples are shown in (<b>A</b>), and a summary of the results is shown in (<b>B</b>). The scale bar represents 200 µm.</p

HSP90 responses to neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

<p>(<b>A</b>) The expression of HSP90 did not alter between the biopsy and tumor specimens (<i>P</i> = 0.321). (<b>B</b>) HSP90 staining in diagnostic biopsy material compared with matched tumor cores. The scale bar represents 100 µm.</p

HSP90 overexpression indicates poor prognosis in advanced gastric cancer patients.

<p>RFS (<b>A</b>) and OS (<b>B</b>) curves were generated based on the HSP90 protein expression statuses in 157 gastric carcinoma samples.</p

Topological model of SNAT2.

<p>The locations of 7 cysteine residues are indicated (arrows) in the proposed structure of SNAT2. The disulfide bond is shown as a dashed line.</p

Transport function of Cys residues and the disulfide bond in SNAT2.

<p>A, MeAIB uptake of SNAT2 wild-type and Cys to Ser mutants. HEK293T were transiently transfected with wild-type or mutant SNAT2. Transport of [¹⁴C] MeAIB (40μM) was measured at 1 min in NaMes-containing buffer. The uptake of the vector was subtracted. B, average transport currents induced by the application of 10 mM alaine to SNAT2_WT- and Cys to Ser mutants-expression cells. The currents of non-transfected cells were subtracted. C, the apparent affinities for the substrate L-alanine of SNAT2_WT and Cys to Ser mutant. <i>K</i>_<i>m</i>, Michaelis constant. The black stars (*) indicate statistical significance compared with SNAT2_WT (***<i>P</i> < 0.001, * <i>P</i> < 0.05). The pound (#) indicates statistical significance compared with C245SC279S at the <i>P</i> <0.05 level. Values are means ± S.D. for at least three independent experiments.</p

DNA primers used for site-directed mutagenesis.

<p>DNA primers used for site-directed mutagenesis.</p