<i>lqfR</i> gene products.

<p>At top is a diagram of the two <i>lqfR</i> mRNAs formed by alternative pre-mRNA splicing. Exons 1–7 are indicated by bars and introns by bent lines. The black region in each transcript is the open reading frame. The larger transcript, <i>lqfRa</i>, contains exon6 which encodes Tel2. At bottom are the protein products of each mRNA. ENTH = <u>E</u>psin <u>N</u>-<u>t</u>erminal <u>h</u>omology domain, AP-1 = binding motif for the Clathrin adapter AP-1, CBM = <u>C</u>lathrin <u>b</u>inding <u>m</u>otif.</p

Rescue of <i>lqfR</i> null mutant phenotype by <i>lqfRa</i> exon 6.

<p>(A) At left, the table shows six epitope-tagged proteins expressed in <i>Drosophila</i> by a <i>UAS</i> transgene. The columns at right show the results when each transgene was expressed in a <i>lqfR^Δ117</i> or <i>lqfR^Δ117/Df(3R)Exel6191</i> background with either an <i>Actin5C-gal4</i> or an <i>eyeless-gal4</i> driver. +: lethality and externally obvious morphological defects were rescued, − : no rescue. (B) A blot of electrophoresed adult fly protein extracts probed first with antibodies to the Myc tag (α-Myc) and reprobed with antibodies to β-tubulin (α-βtub) as a loading control. The flies contain the <i>UAS</i> construct indicated and an <i>eyeless-gal4</i> driver. The genotypes of the flies used were: <i>EGUF/UAS</i>; <i>FRT82B lqfR^Δ117/TM6B</i>. For each <i>UAS</i> construct, two different P element transformant lines were tested. Note that one of the <i>UAS-lqfRa^FL</i> lines expressed little or no protein and this line also failed to rescue the <i>lqfR^Δ117</i> mutant phenotype. The numbers at the right of the blot indicate the positions of corresponding size markers (kD). (C) Light microscope images of the eyes of adult flies. The flies are <i>lqfR^Δ117/lqfR⁺</i> and their eyes are <i>lqfR^Δ117</i> homozygous clones. The fly at the very left has no <i>UAS</i> transgene and the others contain a copy of the <i>UAS</i> transgene indicated, expressed by <i>eyeless-gal4</i>. The genotypes of the flies were: <i>EGUF/UAS</i>; <i>FRT82B lqfR^Δ117/FRT 82B GMR-hid</i>. scale bar: ∼50 µm.</p

Genetic interactions between <i>lqfR</i> and <i>dachsous</i>.

<p>(A-A′″) Confocal microscope images of an eye disc immunostained with antibodies to β-galactosidase are shown. The disc expresses GFP in all cells except for <i>lqfR^Δ117</i> homozygous clones. The genotype is <i>ds-lacZ/+</i>; <i>FRT82B lqfR^Δ117/FRT82B ubi-gfp</i>. (A′) Clones are outlined. (A″,A″′) Enlargements of part of A′ which shows that <i>ds-lacZ</i> expression levels are lower in <i>lqfR^Δ117</i> clones than in adjacent wild-type tissue. (B) A light microscope image of an eye from an adult fly hypomorphic for <i>lqfR</i> is shown. (C) The head (dorsal view) of a pupa that will not eclose dissected from its pupal case. <i>ds^38k/ds⁺</i> animals (not shown) appear wild-type. scale bar: ∼10 µm in A,A′; ∼5 µm in A″, A″′; ∼100 µm in B,C.</p

Subcellular localization of Myc-tagged LqfR proteins.

<p>Confocal microscope images of third instar larval eye disc tissue from two different discs (each row is a single disc) are shown. The portion of the eye disc shown is the peripodial epithelium, a layer of cells that lies atop the cell layer that forms the retina. The peripodial cells are large and flat the nuclei and cytoplasm are distinguished more easily than in the retinal cells. The discs were immunostained with antibodies to the Myc epitope (green) and the DNA stain TOPRO3 (purple). The Myc-tagged proteins indicated were expressed by <i>UAS</i> transgenes using an <i>Actin5C-gal4</i> driver. scale bar: ∼10 µm.</p

The effect of Tel2 on Wingless signaling.

<p>A model for how Wingless signaling is compromised in the absence of Tel2 is illustrated. We speculate that in the absence of Tel2, increased E-cadherin at the plasma membrane sequesters Armadillo (Arm) so that little remains free in the cytoplasm to enter the nucleus in response to Wingless signaling.</p

Genetic interactions between <i>lqfR</i>, <i>armadillo</i>, and <i>wingless</i>.

<p>Shown are light microscope images of adult fly heads (dorsal view, top row), and eyes (bottom row). The genotypes of each column are indicated at top. The same fly is shown in the top and bottom rows. scale bar: ∼50 µm.</p

E-cadherin and Armadillo protein accumulation in <i>lqfR</i>- clones.

<p>(A,A′) Confocal microscope images of an eye disc immunostained with E-cadherin antibodies (red). <i>lqfR</i>- clones are marked by the absence of GFP (green). (A″,A″′) Enlargements of the boxed regions in A and A′. (B,B′) Confocal microscope images of an eye disc immunostained with Armadillo antibodies (red). <i>lqfR</i>- clones are marked by the absence of GFP (green). The genotype for both experiments is <i>ey-flp; FRT82B lqfR^Δ117/FRT82B ubi-gfp</i>. scale bar: ∼40 µm in A,A′,B,B′; ∼10 µm in A″, A″′,B″,B″′.</p

Wg protein secretion in <i>lqfR</i>- clones.

<p>Shown are confocal microscope images of two third instar larval wing discs immunostained with Wg antibodies (purple). Wingless is expressed and secreted by a stripe of cells at the dorsal/ventral boundary. Homozygous mutant clones are marked by the absence of GFP (green). (A,A′) A wing disc with <i>vps35^E42</i> homozygous clones, outlined in white in A′. The genotype is <i>hs-flp; FRT42D vps35^E42/FRT42D ubi-gfp</i>. (B,B′) A wing disc with <i>lqfR^Δ117</i> mutant clones, outlined in white in B′. The genotype is <i>hs-flp; FRT82B lqfR^Δ117/FRT82B ubi-gfp</i>. scale bar: ∼10 µm.</p

Bacterial Communities in Ground-and Surface Water Mixing Zone Induced by Seasonal Heavy Extraction of Groundwater

The water curtain (WC) system has been applied to the greenhouse agricultural practice as an additional heat source during the cold season in South Korea. Thus, heavy groundwater extraction induces a drawdown of the groundwater level and an influx of adjacent surface water into the aquifers. Along with many reports on physicochemical transitions caused by groundwater–surface water mixing, not much knowledge exists about the resulting possible shifts and/or transitions of the subsurface and/or groundwater microbial community structures. Here, we studied a WC system's active site during a winter season to evaluate potential shifts of microbial community structures across the groundwater and surface water by next generation sequencing in combination with conventional physicochemical monitoring of groundwater. We found that there were shifts of groundwater microbial communities at groundwater (WJ-1 and WJ-2) near the adjacent stream, but there was a relatively delayed response of the community in the groundwater (WJ-3) located at some distance from surface water despite proximity to the wells of heavy groundwater extraction.</p

Coimmunoprecipitation of LqfRa and Wingless pathway proteins.

<p>Shown is a blot of protein extracts, before and after immunoprecipitation, from embryos expressing either LqfRa^FL-GFP or LqfRa^ENTH-GFP as a negative control. The LqfR protein fusions were expressed from <i>UAS</i> transgenes using an <i>Actin5C-gal4</i> driver. The two leftmost lanes (α-GFP IP) are immunoprecipitates using GFP antibodies, and the rightmost lanes (3% input) are aliquots of the protein extracts used, loaded to show that equivalent amounts of protein were present in each extract subjected to immunoprecipitation.</p