Assessment of the risk of bias in included randomized controlled trials according to the revised version of Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials.

In two studies, overall assessment was identified as low risk.</p

Characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis: Baseline characteristics of the inverted internal limiting membrane flap and internal limiting membrane peeling groups.

Characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis: Baseline characteristics of the inverted internal limiting membrane flap and internal limiting membrane peeling groups.</p

Forest plots of comparison of retinal sensitivity between the inverted internal limiting membrane flap and internal limiting membrane peeling groups.

No significant difference was observed between two groups. Owing to significant heterogeneity, a random-effects model was used. CL, confidence interval; ILM, internal limiting membrane; IV, inverse variance; SD, standard deviation.</p

Forest plots of comparison of complete recovery rate of external limiting membrane between the inverted internal limiting membrane flap and internal limiting membrane peeling groups.

(A) Comparison of external limiting membrane recovery after surgery and (B)–(D) the result of subgroup analysis based on follow-up duration. The follow-up duration was subdivided into (B) 3 months, (C) 6 months, and (D) 12 months after surgery, and no significant difference at each period was observed between the two groups. A random-effects model was used in the analysis in the 3-month and 12-month results since a significant heterogeneity was observed. CL, confidence interval; ILM, internal limiting membrane; M–H, Mantel–Haenszel.</p

Forest plots of comparison of complete recovery rate of ellipsoid zone between the inverted internal limiting membrane flap and internal limiting membrane peeling groups.

Comparison of ellipsoidal zone recovery at (A) 3 months and (B) 6 months after surgery revealed no significant difference between the two groups. CL, confidence interval; ILM, internal limiting membrane; M–H, Mantel–Haenszel.</p

Quality assessment using the Newcastle–Ottawa scale for non-randomized controlled trial studies.

Quality assessment using the Newcastle–Ottawa scale for non-randomized controlled trial studies.</p

Funnel plot for evaluating the publication bias.

(A) Macular hole closure rate; (B) preoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA); (C) postoperative BCVA; (D) complete recovery rate of external limiting membrane. (A)–(D) Scattered points corresponding to the included studies were mostly distributed within the range of inverted funnel. (C) One point of study in postoperative BCVA was located slightly out of the inverted funnel. A relatively low publication bias could have influenced the results. OR, odds ratio; MD, mean difference; SE, standard error.</p

Forest plots of comparison of postoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) between the inverted internal limiting membrane flap and internal limiting membrane peeling groups.

(A) Forest plot of postoperative BCVA and (B)–(D) forest plots of postoperative BCVA based on the follow-up duration as the subgroup analysis. The subgroup analysis compared BCVA between two groups at (B) 3 months, (C) 6 months, and (D) 12 months postoperatively, respectively, and no differences were identified. A random-effects model was used in the analysis at 3 months and 6 months since significant heterogeneity was observed. CL, confidence interval; ILM, internal limiting membrane; IV, inverse variance; SD, standard deviation.</p

Forest plot of comparison of macular hole closure rate between the inverted internal limiting membrane flap and internal limiting membrane peeling groups.

No significant difference was observed between two groups. A fixed-effects model was used with no heterogeneity. CL, confidence interval; ILM, internal limiting membrane; M–H, Mantel–Haenszel.</p

Flow diagram of the literature screening process according to the PRISMA-p guideline.

Flow diagram of the literature screening process according to the PRISMA-p guideline.</p