Mean (M) and standard deviation (SD) of the joint angle (°) as a function of postural task.

<p>The joint angle was defined according to its adjacent limb segments.</p><p>SS: side-by-side; LO: left foot; LR: left foot body rocking.</p

The circular causality for the self-organized postural control system.

<p>The circular causality for the self-organized postural control system.</p

Cophase (group mean) of all pairs of joint synergies and COP-COM coupling at different standing conditions.

<p>Anatomical abbreviations are as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0085414#pone-0085414-g002" target="_blank">Fig. 2</a>.</p

Voxel-wise topographical correlation (r) of the PD, MSA and PSP-related brain networks.

*<p>p<0.05 after Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons (3 comparisons: p<0.0167).</p><p>The p-value is empirically calculated based on the rank of r²-value in 1,000 simulations.</p

Regional differences of two covariance patterns.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Standard SPM analysis with paired t-test design for ON vs. OFF medication with 15 PD patients. (<b>B</b>) The PDRP derived from USA (off-medication) was subtracted from the PDRP derived from South Korea (on-medication). The resulting difference map is z-scored. Only the voxels that were reliable in permutation test were shown (p<0.05, 1,000 permutation). The topography of within-subject differences in medication status (A) was significantly correlated with between-group network differences (B) (r = 0.4228, p<0.001). Likewise, key regions of hypometabolism (e.g., M1, cingulate, cerebellum, putamen) and hypermetabolism (e.g., precuneus) were similarly shown.</p

Coefficient of variation of coherence (group mean) for all pairs of joint synergies and COP-COM coupling at different standing conditions.

<p>Anatomical abbreviations and frequency bins are as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0085414#pone-0085414-g002" target="_blank">Fig. 2</a>. Frequency bins are as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0085414#pone-0085414-g002" target="_blank">Fig. 2</a>.</p

A representative participant's COP and COM motion at different standing conditions: a) Side-by-side; b) single left-foot standing; c) single left-foot standing with body rocking at the ankle joint.

<p>A representative participant's COP and COM motion at different standing conditions: a) Side-by-side; b) single left-foot standing; c) single left-foot standing with body rocking at the ankle joint.</p

Coherence (group mean) of all pairs of joint angle position (AK: ankle-knee, AH: ankle-hip, AN: ankle-neck, KH: knee-hip, KN: knee-neck, HN: hip-neck) and COP-COM coupling at different standing conditions (SS: side-by-side, LO: single left-foot standing, LR: single-left foot standing with body rocking at the ankle joint).

<p>Frequency bins are: 1) 0.0167–0.1002 Hz; 2) 0.1169–0.2004 Hz; 3) 0.2171–0.3006 Hz; 4) 0.3173–0.4008 Hz; 5) 0.4175–0.5010 Hz; 6) 0.5177–0.6012 Hz; 7) 0.6179–0.7014 Hz; and 8) 0.7181–0.8016 Hz.</p

Schematic diagram of the simulation study.

<p>The stimulation was conducted to determine the Window size of Moran’s I that best reflected the inflated topological correlation of the two simulated networks. (<b>A</b>) 300 pseudo-random volume-pairs were generated, then box filters were applied to each volume with six different kernel sizes (3×3×3, 7×7×7, 11×11×11, 15×15×15, 19×19×19, 23×23×23). Then, the global Moran’s I of 1800 volume-pairs (300 original volume-pairs×6 different box filters) was estimated with varying window (W) size (3×3, 9×9, 15×15, 21×21, 27×27, 33×33, 45×45, 51×51, 57×57). The volume-pairs were then vector-transformed and tested for voxel-by-voxel Pearson’s correlation (topographical correlation). Multiple regression was utilized to test if the global Moran’s I significantly predicted the box-filtering-induced elevation of topographical correlation. The window size of the Moran’s I (W) that gave the best prediction of the topographical correlation from the global Moran’s I was identified using AIC. (<b>B–D</b>) The inflated topographical correlation was observed regardless of the W of Moran’s I while the best prediction resulted when the W of Moran’s I was 51 (lowest AIC).</p

Cophase SD (group mean) of all pairs of joint synergies and COP-COM coupling at different standing conditions.

<p>Anatomical abbreviations are as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0085414#pone-0085414-g002" target="_blank">Fig. 2</a>.</p