Pooled power spectra of rectified EMGs from the FDS muscle before and after practice.

<p>(A) Simple protocol, (B) Complex protocol, and (C) Random protocol. There was a prominent 8–12 Hz oscillation peak in the pre-test and post-test sessions. The shaded area represents the standard deviation of the pooled spectral profile. (FDS: the flexor digitorum superficialis).</p

Summary illustration of learning-based channeling and modulation of submovement characteristics with respect to target information.

<p>The amounts of change in submovement size (△submovement size) and submovement complexity (△submovement complexity) are differently modulated with respect to target information. In accordance with the learning-information relationship, △submovement size is downward-modulated with target information increment (simple (S) > complex (C) > random (R)). Namely, submovement size is not suppressed under practice with excessive target information. On the other hand, the effect of target information on △submovement complexity during practice is an inverted-U function, with maximal change in complexity at medium target information.</p

Contrast of mean evolutional changes in tracking performance among three practice protocols.

<p>(A) Tracking congruency, (B) Standardized change in tracking congruency due to practice effect among three practice protocols. (^*: post-test > pre-test, p<0.05; ^***: post-test > pre-test, p<0.001)(^#: significant difference between protocols, p<0.0167; ^###: significant difference between protocols, p<0.001)</p

Experiment procedure, system setup, and data recording.

<p>Experiment procedure, system setup, and data recording.</p

Multi-scale entropy (MSE) analysis of submovement profile for different practice protocols.

<p>(A) Pooled sample entropy versus scale factors of 1–25, (B) Evolutional change in MSE area under scale factors 1–10, and (C) Standardized change in MSE area due to practice effect. (^*: post-test > pre-test, p<0.05; ^***: post-test > pre-test, p<0.001)(^#: significant difference between protocols, p<0.0167; ^###: significant difference between protocols, p<0.001).</p

Pooled power spectra of rectified EMG from the ED muscle before and after practice.

<p>(A) Simple protocol, (B) Complex protocol, and (C) Random protocol. Visible changes in higher frequency muscular rhythmicity at 13–20 Hz and 35–50 Hz were noted in the simple and complex conditions. The shaded area represents standard deviation of the pooled spectral profile. (^*: post-test > pre-test, p<0.05; ⁺⁺⁺: pre-test > post-test, p<0.001)(ED: the extensor digitorum).</p

Schematic illustration of acquisition of primary movement and submovement profile from velocity profile during tracking.

<p>Schematic illustration of acquisition of primary movement and submovement profile from velocity profile during tracking.</p

Contrast of mean evolutional and standardized changes in submovement amplitude among three practice protocols.

<p>(A) Relative submovement amplitude in percentage, (B) Amplitude ratio of primary movement to submovement (R_PM/S) (⁺⁺⁺: pre-test > post-test, p<0.05; ^***: post-test > pre-test, p<.001)(^#: significant difference between protocols, p<0.0167; ^###: significant difference between protocols, p<0.001).</p

Concurrent validity and convergent validity of the 5 segments of the C-DVT (Pearson’s r, n = 90).

Concurrent validity and convergent validity of the 5 segments of the C-DVT (Pearson’s r, n = 90).</p

The cumulative reliability (SEM% calculated on the basis of ICC) over trials.

<p>The SEM% of each dot is the cumulative reliability (calculated from the first trial to that trial).</p