Proposed origin and spread of 3N1 and 3N2 parthenogens.

<p>Also shown are timing estimates for expansions and hypothesized future expansions in 3N1 parthenogens. Phylogeographic events are overlaid on the predicted distribution for parthenogenetic <i>Heteronotia binoei</i> based on a statistical distribution model for present climatic conditions <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000760#pone.0000760-Kearney2" target="_blank">[24]</a>. Times given here are point estimates; confidence intervals are given in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000760#pone-0000760-t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>. DRD = dispersal restricted by distance.</p

Regions used for various analyses.

<p>Ranges for each mtDNA lineage as a whole are shown in light gray.</p

Mismatch distributions for 3N1 and 3N2 lineages.

<p>Distributions are shown for all 3N1 or 3N2 populations together and for eastern and western 3N1 populations.</p

AMOVA results for mtDNA sequence.

<p>AMOVA results for mtDNA sequence.</p

Results of NCPA for each mtDNA lineage.

<p>Only clades with significant values are shown. DRD = dispersal restricted by distance. For dates and confidence intervals, point estimates are based on an estimate of 1.3% sequence divergence per million years for this portion of the mtDNA genome. 95% Confidence intervals are based on a gamma probability distribution for coalescence time and a range of 1.22-1.4% divergence per million years (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000760#s4" target="_blank">methods</a>). MYA = million years ago.</p

Statistical distribution models for parthenogenetic <i>Heteronotia binoei.</i>

<p>Models are for (a) present conditions and (b–d) last glacial maximum conditions with a 9°C reduction in mean air temperature and three different rainfall reduction scenarios. All statistical models are based on the AICc model reported in Kearney et al (2003). Overlayed on the predicted distributions are the contours for biophysical predictions of the limit for successful development of eggs (600 degree days), of the limit for potential activity time (0 hours) and of the number of hours of potential activity at the current distribution limit of the <i>Heteronotia</i> complex (400 hours). Any regions roughly south of the contours are outside the fundamental niche of <i>Heteronotia</i>. The biophysical predictions use either (a) current climatic conditions or (b–d) a 9°C decrease in monthly maximum and minimum temperatures. Methods for biophysical predictions are described in Kearney and Porter (2004).</p

Haplotype network for the 3N1 mtDNA lineage, showing nesting levels.

<p>Clades correspond to those listed in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000760#pone-0000760-t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>. Small ovals without letter names are haplotypes not sampled but which are necessary to connect sampled haplotypes. Pie charts next to each haplotype indicate the proportion of individuals with that haplotype sampled from the various regions described in the analytical <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000760#s4" target="_blank">methods</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000760#pone-0000760-g007" target="_blank">Figure 7</a>.</p

Sampling localities for the 3N1 and 3N2 mitochondrial clones.

<p>Latitude/longitude data and sample sizes are given in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000760#pone-0000760-t005" target="_blank">Table 5</a>. Ranges of the CA6, EA6, and SM6 sexual chromosome races are shown in light gray. The inset in the upper right shows the extent of the arid zone in dark gray.</p

Haplotype network for the 3N2 mtDNA lineage, showing nesting levels.

<p>Clades correspond to those listed in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000760#pone-0000760-t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>. Small ovals without letter names are haplotypes not sampled but which are necessary to connect sampled haplotypes. Pie charts next to each haplotype indicate the proportion of individuals with that haplotype sampled from the various regions described in the analytical <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000760#s4" target="_blank">methods</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000760#pone-0000760-g007" target="_blank">Figure 7</a>.</p

Summary sequence information for each mtDNA lineage.

<p>NCPA nesting clade names correspond to those in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000760#pone-0000760-g001" target="_blank">Figures 1</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000760#pone-0000760-g002" target="_blank">2</a> for the 3N1 and 3N2 lineages, respectively.</p