Supporting Information.

Supporting information pdf file containing additional information on data and methodology. This is inclusive of figures, tables and text. (PDF)</p

The vertical axis is the city index, ordered by the total number of transactions over the complete time series of the city.

<p>The horizontal axis is the time window and the color represents the strength of the corresponding early warning signal. Line plots indicate the number of cities that fall below a certain threshold for the corresponding early warning signal, scaled by an appropriate factor to fit onto the heat map. These line plots represent aggregated early warning signals that can be used to infer instability in the US housing market (Section S2 in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0162140#pone.0162140.s001" target="_blank">S1 File</a>). The first dashed line marks the time window with latest date corresponding to the Subprime Loans Transition whereas the second dashed line marks the time window with latest date corresponding to the Financial Crisis Transition. (a) Skewness. The blue line and red line corresponds to positive skewness, and negative skewness respectively. (b) Standard deviation. (c) Median frequency, <i>ω</i>_1/2, a measure of spectral reddening. (d) Lag-1 autocorrelation.</p

The Regime Shift Associated with the 2004–2008 US Housing Market Bubble - Fig 1

<p><b>(a) The average normalized trajectories of the three variables are plotted against time</b>. Dashed lines demarcate distinct periods of the trajectory of the US housing market. The start <i>t</i>₀ and end <i>t</i>₁ of the driving phase are marked by kinks in the homes sold trajectory and its gradient respectively while the start of the collapse phase is marked by a collapse in the median sale price and % of homes sold for gain trajectories. (inset) The line plot shows the subprime proportion of mortgages issued in the United States. The sudden jump in the fourth quarter of 2003 is marked on the main figure as the Subprime Loans Transition (October 2003). <b>(b) The average normalized trajectory of the percentage of homes sold for gain variable and the median sold price variable are plotted with the fits of the model to the homes sold trajectory, <i>Q</i>(<i>t</i>)</b>. The fitted parameter <i>t</i>_Δ, which marks the start of a decline in the fundamental transaction volume, coincides with the start of a collapse in the median sold price variable and the percentage of homes sold for gain variable. (inset) The time derivative of the homes sold trajectory where a kink is seen at <i>t</i>₀ that results in a gradual increase in and where a kink is seen at <i>t</i>₁ that results in a steep decline of .</p

Table_1_Development of a Custom MALDI-TOF MS Database for Species-Level Identification of Bacterial Isolates Collected From Spacecraft and Associated Surfaces.DOCX

<p>Since the 1970s, the Planetary Protection Group at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) has maintained an archive of spacecraft-associated bacterial isolates. Identification of these isolates was routinely performed by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene. Although this technique is an industry standard, it is time consuming and has poor resolving power for some closely related taxa. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry is widely used in clinical diagnostics and is a promising method to substitute standard 16S rRNA sequencing. However, manufacturer-provided databases lack the bacterial diversity found in spacecraft-assembly cleanrooms. This study reports the development of the first custom database of MALDI-TOF MS profiles of bacterial isolates obtained from spacecraft and associated cleanroom environments. With the use of this in-house database, 454 bacterial isolates were successfully identified in concurrence with their 16S rRNA sequence-based classifications. Additionally, MALDI-TOF MS resolved strain-level variations, identified potential novel species and distinguished between members of taxonomic groups, which is not possible using conventional 16S rRNA sequencing. MALDI-TOF MS has proved to be an accurate, high-throughput approach for real-time identification of bacterial isolates during the spacecraft assembly process.</p

Plasmonic nanogap enhanced phase change devices with dual electrical-optical functionality

Modern-day computers use electrical signaling for processing and storing data which is bandwidth limited and power-hungry. These limitations are bypassed in the field of communications, where optical signaling is the norm. To exploit optical signaling in computing, however, new on-chip devices that work seamlessly in both electrical and optical domains are needed. Phase change devices can in principle provide such functionality, but doing so in a single device has proved elusive due to conflicting requirements of size-limited electrical switching and diffraction-limited photonic devices. Here, we combine plasmonics, photonics and electronics to deliver a novel integrated phase-change memory and computing cell that can be electrically or optically switched between binary or multilevel states, and read-out in either mode, thus merging computing and communications technologies

Effect of Banded Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass versus Sleeve Gastrectomy on Diabetes Remission at 5 Years Among Patients with Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: A Blinded Randomized Clinical Trial

Objective: To determine whether silastic-ring laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (SR-LRYGB) or laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) produces superior diabetes remission at 5 years. Research Design and Methods: In a single-centre double-blind trial, 114 adults with type 2 diabetes and BMI 35-65kg/m2 were randomized to SR-LRYGB or LSG (1:1; stratified by age group, BMI group, ethnicity, diabetes duration and insulin therapy) using a web-based service. Diabetes and other metabolic medications were adjusted according to a prespecified protocol. The primary outcome was diabetes remission assessed at 5 years, defined by HbA1c <6% (42mmol/mol) without glucose-lowering medications. Secondary outcomes included changes in weight, cardiometabolic risk factors, quality of life, and adverse events. Results: Diabetes remission after SR-LRYGB vs LSG occurred in 25/53 (47%) vs 18/55 (33%), adjusted odds ratio 4.5; 95% CI 1.6, 15.5; P=0.009; and 4.2; 95% CI 1.3, 13.4; P=0.015 in the intention-to-treat analysis. Percentage body weight loss was greater after SR-LRYGB than after LSG (absolute difference, 10.7%; 95% CI 7.3, 14.0; P<0.001). Improvements in cardiometabolic risk factors were similar, but high-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased more after SR-LRYGB. Early and late complications were similar in both groups. General health and physical functioning improved after both types of surgery, with greater improvement in physical functioning after SR-LRYGB. People of Māori or Pacific ethnicity (26%) had lower incidence of diabetes remission than those of European or other ethnicities (2/25 vs 41/83, P Conclusions: SR-LRYGB provided superior diabetes remission and weight loss compared to LSG at 5 years, with similarly low risk of complications. </p

Fig 5 -

On the sunny day at 10:30, the figure shows (a) the solar irradiance mapping on the surface of the district, (b) air temperature as well as (c) wind speed contours at pedestrian level cut-plane (i.e., 1.5m) of the district, and (d) the noise level mapping on the surface of the district. The regions circled in (b) and (c) indicate that the terrain is higher than the 1.5m pedestrian level cut-plane. The arrow in (c) denotes the wind direction.</p

Fig 12 -

The area-averaged (a) PTA and (b) PNA of the market village (site (iv)) for both sunny (open circles) and cloudy (filled circles) days are represented with open and filled circles (i.e., and ), respectively. The error bars extended from the area-averaged PTA or PNA (circles) represent the local maximum and minimum PTA or PNA on the campus boulevard. The environmental acceptability threshold of 0.5 is denoted by the dotted line (i.e., PTA = 0.5 or PNA = 0.5). (c) The spatial plot of PTA and PNA above or below the threshold of 0.5 for market village at 13:30 on the sunny day (worst case) is illustrated. The contour plot shows the potential improvement of with the increase in shade and/or wind speed at 10:30 and 13:30 on (d) the sunny day, and (e) the cloudy day for the market village.</p

Fig 1 -

(a) The schematic illustration of the studied urban district in the north-east region of Singapore, including the four primary materials assigned to the 3D geometry and 3 different road categories. White portions are the planned business park with the specific lot numbers MK21-03171P, MK21-03006K and MK21-03174K. (b) The zoom-in feature of the study sites with high pedestrian traffic for the evaluation of comfort factors: (i) campus boulevard, (ii) heritage trail, (iii) Nexus, and (iv) market village.</p

Climate conditions of wind applied to this paper.

The expected values follow the BCA Green Mark [42] at the reference height of 15 m based on the National Environment Agency’s 18-year data.</p