Genetic Variation of MtDNA Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I (COI) in Local Swamp Buffaloes in Indonesia

The objective of this research was to identify genetic variation of mitochondria DNA especially in cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) among population of Indonesian buffaloes. Samples of swamp buffaloes were collected from Aceh (n= 3), North Sumatra (n= 3), Riau (n= 3), Banten (n= 3), Central Java (n= 3), West Nusa Tenggara (n= 3) and South Sulawesi (n= 3), and riverine buffalo from North Sumatra (n= 1) out of group for comparison. Sequence of COI was analyzed using MEGA 5.10 software with neighbor-joining method kimura 2-parameter model to reconstruct phylogeny tree. The result showed that three haplotypes for swamp buffalo and one haplotype for riverine buffalo in Indonesia resulted from 41 polymorphic sites. This finding showed that the COI gene could be considered as a marker to distinguish among swamp buffaloes in Indonesia

Genetic and Phenotypic Parameters of Body Weight in Ettawa Grade Goats

The aim of this study was to estimate genetic and phenotypic parameters of growth traits consisting of birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW), 6 mo body weight (6WM), 12 mo body weight (12WM), and 18 mo body weight (18WM) of Ettawa Grade goats. The number of goat used to determine growth traits of BW, WW, 6WM, 12WM, and 18WM were 316; 316; 259; 259 and 165 heads, respectively. Data were analyzed using General Linear Model (GLM) to identify non-genetic effect. Estimation of genetic and phenotypic parameters including heritability, repeatability, genetic and phenotypic correlation were calculated using Restricted Maximum Likelihood and GLM. Genetic trends were calculated using the regression of mean breeding values on birth year. The results showed that parity and type of birth had significant (P<0.05) influence on all growth traits. Estimated heritability of birth, weaning, 6WM, 12WM, and 18WM were 0.54±0.12; 0.35±0.07; 0.37±0.09; 0.68±0.16 and 0.63±0.19, respectively. Estimated repeatability of WW, 6WM, 12WM and 18WM, WW, 6WM, 12WM and 18WM were 0.98±0.01; 0.97±0.01; 0.94±0.03; 0.71±0.12 and 0.91±0.04, respectively. The genetic trends for traits of BW and 18MW were decreased fluctuatively. However, the WW, 6MW, 12MW were increased fluctuatively. The high and positive genetic correlations between all growth traits and 12WM traits in this study indicated that selection for high 12WM will improve genetic merit in Ettawa Grade goats

Association of Calpastatin (CAST) Gene with Growth Traits and Carcass Characteristics in Bali Cattle

Calpastatin (CAST) gene is well known as an inhibitor of muscle protein degradation and relates to muscle growth and meat tenderness. The objective of this study was to determine the association of CAST gene with growth traits and carcass characteristics in Bali cattle. A number of data from 35 Bali bulls were collected from BPTU Bali Cattle to obtain growth traits, carcass characteristics, and blood samples. Polymorphism of CAST gene in Bali bulls was analyzed by using PCR-RFLP and DNA sequencing. The association of CAST gene with growth traits and carcass characteristics were analyzed by using General Linear Model (GLM). The result showed that there were two genotypes (GG and AG) of CAST gene with allele frequencies of 0.857 and 0.143, respectively, for G and A. Notably, mutation A to G occurred in 253 bp CAST fragment gene in Bali Cattle. Genotypes GG and AG of CAST gene significantly affected (P<0.05) the back-fat thickness and longissimus dorsi without a significant effect on the growth traits. It could be concluded that CAST gene had a potency as a marker gene for carcass quality in Bali cattle

Estimates of Genetic and Phenotypic Trends of Growth Traits in Bali Cattle

The aim of this study was to estimate genetic and phenotypic trends for growth traits including birth (BW), weaning (WW) and yearling weight (YW) in Bali cattle. The number of cattle used to determine growth traits of BW, WW, and YW were 235, 215, and 178 heads, respectively. Estimation of breeding value, phenotypic and genetic correlation were calculated by Restricted Maximum Likelihood and General Linier Model (GLM) procedures, respectively. Genetic trends analysis was performed using the regression mean breeding values on birth year. Phenotypic and genetic correlation among BW and WW were 0.10 and 0.08 respectively and 0.90 and 0.70 for WW and YW respectively. The phenotypic trends for traits of birth and weaning weight were constant, whereas yearling weight was fluctuating from 2000 to 2008. Likewise, in the case of genetic trends, the birth and weaning weight were constant from 2000 to 2008 except for WW in 2005, whereas the genetic trends for yearling weight showed a fluctuation of wide range. According to the breeding value estimated for all traits, the best was the sire No. 0565, whose breeding value for BW, WW and YW were +0.07, +2.79, and +10.25 kg, respectively higher than the mean value of the population. The genetic trends showed that there have been a significant and positive genetic improvement in all growth traits and indicate that selection would be effective. Genetic correlation between WW and YW was high (0.70) which indicates that the selection on weaning weight might also increase yearling weight in Bali cattle

Application of Linear Body Measurements for Predicting Weaning and Yearling Weight of Bali Cattle

The objective of this research was to predict the weaning and yearling weight of Bali cattle using simple linear body measurement. The height wither (HW), body length (BL) and heart girth (HG) were measured in centimeters, using caliper, whereas weaning (WW)and yearling weight (YW) was determined in kilograms using a weighing scale. Results of the correlation coefficient showed that hearth girth (HG) highly correlated with weaning and yearling weight were 0.847 and 0.871 respectively. In all, the height wither (HW) had the least correlation coefficient were 0.328 and 0.782 on weaning and yearling weight respectively. Results of the stepwise regression showed that HG was a good estimator of WW and YW of Bali cattle followed by HW and BL. The comparison of residuals indicated that only two equations (HG and BL) accurately predicted weaning and yearling weight. From these results, it was concluded that weaning and yearling weight of Bali cattle can be estimated using simple linear body measurement of heart girth, body length and height wither especially in most remote areas where farmers are challenged with the unavailability of weighing scale. (Animal Production 12(3): 163-168 (2010

Supplementation of Mangosteen Pericarp Meal and Vitamin E on Egg Quality and Blood Profile of Laying Hens

This research aimed to study the supplementation effects of mangosteen pericarp meal (MPM) and vitamin E (VE) in the diets on the egg quality and blood profile of laying hens. This research used 160 laying hens of Lohman strains 24 weeks of age. The observation was conducted for 11 weeks. A completely randomized design with four treatments and four replications (10 birds each) was used in this experiment. The treatments consisted of R0 (control diet), R1 (R0 + 1 g MPM/kg ration), R2 (R0 + 2 g MPM/kg ration) and R3 (R0 + 200 mg VE/kg ration). Variables measured were egg quality, yolk cholesterol, and blood profiles. The data were analyzed by using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and any significant difference between the treatment means were further tested by Duncan's Multiple Range Test. The results showed that supplementation of 1 g MPM/kg ration in the diet significantly (P<0.05) decreased blood triglycerides compared with the control, laying hens fed with diet suplemented with of 2 g MPM/kg ration, and laying hens with diet suplemented with 200 mg VE/kg ration. Supplementation of MPM and VE did not affect (P>0.05) egg quality (except shell thickness), blood cholesterol, and HDL, respectively. In conclusion, supplementation of 1 g MPM/kg in the diet of laying hens could decrease blood triglycerides

The Associations of GH and GHR Genes with Carcass Components in Indonesian Kampung and Broiler Chicken Cross

The chicken growth hormone (GH) and its receptor (growth hormone receptor, GHR) play important roles in chicken performances due to their crucial functions in growth. The variations of GH and GHR genes were then thought to be associated with the variations of the performances. This experiment was designed to identify the g.2248G>A GH and the g.565G>A GHR loci polymorphisms and to evaluate their associations with carcass components in Kampung and broiler chicken cross. A total of 215 chickens including 4 chicken populations (Kampung, Cobb broiler, F1, and F2 Kampung x broiler chicken cross) were screened to identify polymorphism using PCR-RFLP technique with EcoRV and Eco72I restriction enzyme for GH and GHR loci, respectively. The carcass components were recorded at 26 weeks of age on F2 Kampung and broiler chicken cross (42 chickens) for association study. Both the g.2248G>A GH and the g.565G>A GHR loci were polymorphic with two alleles (G and A) and three genotypes (GG, AG, and AA). The GG genotype and the G allele of GH locus were predominant in all chicken populations. While in GHR locus, the AA genotype and the A allele were found to be higher in all chicken populations. The association study showed that the g.565G>A GHR locus polymorphism had significant effect on carcass components, including live weight, carcass weight, breast weight, thighs weight, breast muscle weight, and thighs muscle weight. There was no significant association was found between the g.2248G>A GH genotype and carcass components. It could be concluded that the g.2248G>A GH and the g.565G>A GHR loci were polymorphic in Kampung and broiler chicken cross and the g.565G>A GHR locus was accosiated with carcass components. This g.565G>A GHR SNP might be an important candidate marker for chicken growth and muscle mass improvement

Analysis on Alu-i Growth Hormone (Ghalu-i) Gene in Bali Cattle

The research was conducted to identify Alu-I locus of growth hormone (GH) gene in Bali cattle byusing 232 blood samples collected from Bali and Lombok islands. PCR-RFLP and sequencing methodswere used to detect the polymorphism and nucleotide sequence at Alu-I locus of GH gene. The resultshowed that Bali cattle from Bali island has one genotype (LL genotype), whereas Bali cattle originatingfrom Lombok island has two genotypes, namely LL and VV genotypes, respectively. The L and V allelefrequencies from Bali and Lombok islands were 1.00 and 0.00; 0.99 and 0.01, respectively. Thesequencing result of Bali cattle LL genotype showed an AGCT sequence of enzyme Alu-I restriction site.Based on polymorphic informative content (PIC) value, it can be concluded that Alu-I locus of Balicattle from Bali and Lombok islands were monomorphic and polymorphic, respectively

The Ghrelin Receptor (Ghsr) Gene Polymorphism in Indonesian Local Chicken and Crossbreed is Associated with Carcass Traits

Ghrelin receptor (GHSR) gene is candidate gene for growth performance in chicken by modulating growth hormone release from the pituitary by binding to its ligand of ghrelin. Ghrelin gene, or growth hormone secretagogue (GHS) gene, is well known as feed intake and energy homeostasis regulator in mammals and birds. The objectives of this study were to identify the polymorphism of the T1857C GHSR locus in Indonesian local chicken and to evaluate its effects on carcass traits. The gene polymorphism was identified using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) using Hin6I restriction enzyme. Effect of genotype on carcass composition was analyzed using SAS General Linear Model (GLM) procedure. The genotyping was performed on 343 individuals including Merawang, Pelung, Sentul, Kampung, broiler (strain Cobb, parent stock), F1 crossbred of Kampung x broiler (strain Cobb, parent stock), and F2 crossbred of Kampung x broiler (strain Cobb, parent stock). All individuals were successfully amplified and were resulted in a 470 bp PCR product. This locus was polymorphic with two alleles (T and C) and three genotypes (TT, CT, and CC). The T allele and TT genotype were predominant in all populations. Individuals with CT genotype were significantly had higher live weight at 26w, carcass weight, commercial cuts weights, and muscles weights than TT genotype in F2 crossbred of Kampung x broiler population. Association of the T1857C GHSR locus-polymorphism with chicken carcass composition has been described in Indonesian chicken, providing evidence that GHSR might be an important candidate gene for chicken carcass traits

The Expression of Heat Shock Protein 70 Gene with Organic Selenium Supplementation and Its Effetc on Productivity of Broilers in Tropical Environment

The purpose of this experiment is to study the effect of organic selenium (Se) supplementation on the expression of heat shock protein 70 gene (HSP70), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) enzyme activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) and productivity of broilers in tropical environment. Three kinds of environmental pens were designed in this experiment: comfortable environment pens with temperature of air conditioner adjusted at 22oC (R0), tropical environment pens (±30oC ) without organic Se (R1), and tropical environment pens supplemented with 0.30 ppm organic Se (R2). One hundred and twenty broiler chickens (unisex) were used in this study. There were 40 chicks per pen for each treatment. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications for each treatment. The data were statistically analyzed using the general linear model of SAS program. Results showed that R0 and R2 groups had significantly increased (P<0.05) feed intake, body weight, body weight gain, and decreased feed conversion ratio compared to R1 groups. Meanwhile, the expression of HSP70, GSH-Px enzyme activity and MDA of R2 groups and R0 groups were significantly lower (P<0.05) than that of R1 groups. It was concluded that the broilers given 0.30 ppm organic Se in tropical environment had similar productivity and expression of HSP 70 with broilers kept in comfortable environment