Pleas For Partition In Train To Pakistan

Pleas for Partition in Train to Pakistan Most readers and critics of fictional works about the Partition of British India (that is the division of British India into India and Pakistan upon independence from the British in 1947) agree that writers tend to paint religious differences as the root cause of the communal conflict that eventually led to Partition. This tendency to blame Partition on religion is also found in critics who study Khushwant Singh\u27s novel Train to Pakistan. In contrast, this thesis will demonstrate that instead of blaming communal diversity (in other words difference of religion ) as the root cause of Partition, Singh blames Partition on self-interested politicians. Singh\u27s novel does not show any dissatisfaction among the different ethnic groups in India before Partition. Rather, it portrays communal harmony with individuals enjoying the full freedom of their religious rights. Singh accomplishes this portrayal largely through focusing on a microcosm of India in the fictional small village of Mano Majra on the India and Pakistan borders where inhabitants of different faiths live like brothers. In fact, the citizens of the village openly resist the decision of Partition by expressing their intentions to fight against external forces to protect their neighbors if attacked in the name of religious differences. Instead, by showing communal harmony and showing violence as coming from the top down--instead of from the people--Singh\u27s novel blames Partition on Indian politicians, who create all kinds of conflicts and contradictions among the common people of India in order to promote their self-interest. This thesis will explore Singh\u27s shift in blame by focusing on three aspects of his portrayal --religion, violence, and economic deprivation with forced migration--that together paint a portrait of greedy and manipulative politicians causing the violence of Partition to force migration. The first chapter on religion shows how Singh portrays religious harmony and how his characters resisted Partition. The second chapter on violence focuses on how ethnic groups are divided and led into conflict by politicians. The final chapter on forced migration examines how Singh portrays the followers of different religions as compelled and motivated to leave all of their wealth and possessions as well as their birthplaces where they have been living for generations with the promise of wealth in the hope of being financially better off. Overall, the thesis suggests that Singh was motivated in this depiction of Partition attempt to heal the still sensitive cultural divisions in India and Pakistan

SCENARIO OF SLAUGHTERHOUSES AND MEAT SELLING CENTERS IN DHAKA CITY

A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE (MS) IN ANIMAL SCIENCE SEMESTER: JANUARY- JUNE, 2019A field survey was conducted to investigate the scenario of slaughterhouses and meat selling centers of Dhaka city. About ten meat selling centers were included in this study. Data were collected from 130 meat shops in 10 meat selling centers. Data collection period was from June 2018 to February 2019. A total of 582 cattle and goat were slaughtered per day in 10 meat selling centers. The butchers slaughtered their animals at slaughter house, market place and nearby road side. The butchers purchased these slaughtering animals from Gabtoli, Amin bazar and Jatrabary markets. In all slaughterhouses, animals were found slaughtered in Mohammedam method. Bleeding of animals occurred in the drainage pit and on the ground during slaughtering. Time elapsed for flaying was about 30-40 minutes. Time required to transport the carcass from slaughterhouses to selling center was about 5-10 minutes. Time required selling all the meat after receiving to the selling centers was about 5 hrs. Average live weight of slaughtering cattle was 137.5 kg and goat 17.1 kg. The carcass weight of cattle was 78.6 kg and goat 8.9 kg. The proportion of carcass weight was 57% in case of cattle and 52% in case of goat. Price of cattle meat and goat meat was Tk. 492 and Tk. 757 per kg, respectively. All meat selling centers had proper ventilation and sunlight facilities but inadequate drainage system, water supply and provision of sewerage. By-products include blood, skin, hide, head, tail, lower fore and hind limb and stomach were thrown here and there in the meat selling centers. Preservation method of surplus meat was freezing in the refrigerator or supplied to the hotel. From this study it can be suggested that small scale slaughterhouses and meat selling centers need to be established in Dhaka city for hygienic meat supply for human consumption

A Case Study Based Slope Stability Analysis at Chittagong City, Bangladesh

Heavy rainfall occurs almost every year in Bangladesh and induces landslides in the hilly regions of this country. Among them the Chittagong City has the worst scenario―as there lives a dense population, extending from the plain lands to the hilly area. So, for risk mitigation and management in this landslide prone city, slope safety margin should be determined. From this context, this article presents factor of safety (FS) values in terms of landslide hazard at Chittagong city, based on geotechnical parameters and slope geometry. Thus a preliminary idea on the allowable stress for slope design could be made from this study. In total, 16 hazard sites of the 2007 and 2008, rainfall induced, landslides were examined as a case study along with subsequent collection of in situ soil samples of the failed slopes for geotechnical laboratory analysis. For FS calculation, the limit equilibrium method for infinite slopes was deployed along with the Cousins’ stability chart. FS values from 0.94 to 1.57 were found at the hazard sites. The results imply that FS value more than 1.57 should be used for slope safety margin. Moreover, from a probabilistic approach, the authors recommend FS > 1.80 as optimum value for the region. Furthermore, a relationship between slope height to slope length ratio, or slope angle and FS was established for this region for a quick calibration of FS value by simple on-field measurement of slope parameters. It is expected that this scenario based finding would contribute in mitigation of landslide hazard risk at the study area. Additionally, site specific FS values were presented in a map by color indexing. This research could ascertain the location wise slope strength requirement and be considered as a guideline for future calculation for slope safety design against rainfall triggered landslides in this city

Photovoltaic Technology in Industrial and Building Applications: A Path Toward Sustainable Energy

  The rising global demand for sustainable energy solutions has established photovoltaic (PV) technology as a crucial component in the shift to renewable energy. This study examines current improvements in photovoltaic systems, emphasising material innovations, smart grid integration, and energy storage technologies that improve efficiency and dependability. The research emphasises the significance of high-efficiency solar cells, including perovskite and bifacial technologies, in enhancing energy production. At the same time, artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) facilitate advanced energy management. Incorporating solar systems in industrial applications and building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) has shown considerable economic and environmental advantages. Notwithstanding obstacles like elevated early expenditures, scalability issues, and regulatory impediments, ongoing technical progress and favourable policies are anticipated to propel additional commercialisation. This article examines market trends, competitiveness, and the future potential of photovoltaic technology in developing a sustainable energy ecosystem.&nbsp

SUSTAINABILITY OF MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES

Background and Purpose: Microfinance is the most effective and widely acknowledged method of poverty alleviation across the globe but these days every so and often the MFIs are digressing from their primary mission in pretext of financial and operational sustainability of the organizations. The purpose of this research is to confirm the adherence of double bottom line sustainability of Microfinance institutions (MFIs) and further to identify the determinants of MFIs sustainability in the Philippines.   Methodology: The sample for the study was obtained from MIX- market for the period 1999-2018. Principal component analysis and KU model are used to measure the sustainability scores of MFIs. Later, a panel regression model is applied to identify the determinants of sustainability.   Findings: MFIs are not adhering to the double bottom line sustainability as majority of MFIs were unsustainable at different benchmarks set for the study. The sustainability can be achieved if MFIs start utilizing their assets, focus on improving their efficiency and portfolio quality. MFIs size also significantly influences the sustainability of MFIs.   Contributions: This study highlights the need for policy makers and regulators to develop a regulatory framework to reduce the operating cost and improve the portfolio quality of MFIs in the Philippines. They should also provide guidelines that would help MFIs in improving their asset utilization ratio as it would help them adhere to double bottom line sustainability.   Keywords: Sustainability, microfinance, double bottom line, outreach, financial sustainability.   Cite as: Bhuiyan, A. B., Saad, J., Md Kassim, A. A., Munir, A. N., & Ali, M. J. (2023). Sustainability of microfinance institutions in the Philippines.  Journal of Nusantara Studies, 8(TI), 43-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol8issTIpp43-6

Effects of aflatoxin contaminated feed on the fingerlings of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus, 1758)

Aflatoxin contamination, particularly common in cultured fishes in Asian countries, are considered unsafe both for fish and human health. However, the presence of aflatoxin in cultured fish feed and their effect are still under estimated in Bangladesh. The present study aimed to assess the effects of aflatoxin on growth performance and residues in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. Fish feed were treated with several concentration of aflatoxin as 0 ppb (T0, control), 25 ppb (T1), 50 ppb (T2) and 100 ppb (T3) and fed the tilapia fingerlings (n=10) in individual glass aquaria (24×12×12 inch, 105-litre capacity) conditions for 12 weeks. Comparatively higher body length (cm) and weight gain (g) were observed in treatment T0 (1.68 and 4.98) and T1 (1.60 and 5.48) than those of treatment T2 (1.31 and 4.06) and T3 (1.20 and 3.10), respectively. The specific growth rate (SGR) were almost similar in treatment T0 (52%), T1 (51%) and T2 (52%) whereas declined significantly (p<0.05) in T3 (39%). Higher survival rate was also demonstrated in treatment T0 (90%) and T1 (90%) whereas significantly decreased in treatment T2 (60%) and T3 (40%). The residue of aflatoxin was not detected in T0 and T1. On the contrary, the residual effect in tilapia fingerling was evident in T2 and T3 treatment. The findings of the present study revealed that aflatoxin contaminated feed is harmful for the growth performance and survival of O. niloticus fingerlings. Further study is necessary to safeguard the aquaculture production as well as to produce healthy food for human consumption

Formulation of microfinance institutions sustainability index in Malaysia / Muhammad Saad … [et al.]

Sustainability of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) has considerably gained the attention of researchers during the past decade. The dual goals social sustainability and financial sustainability of MFIs are widely studied yet remain unsolved in the existing literature. This study has addressed the above gap by developing a composite index of sustainability for MFIs. Data for MFI in Malaysia was used, and Principal Component analysis is applied for obtaining sustainability score. Quantile, Stepwise and Robust Regression analysis are used to identify the determinants of sustainability. Empirical findings suggest that portfolio quality, operating efficiency, leverage, and size influence the sustainability of MFIs in Malaysia. The study is a novel attempt to develop sustainability Index for MFIs in Malaysia. The findings of the study may help both policy makers and practitioners to better understand the dual goal perspective and significant determinants of MFIs sustainability in Malaysia

Evaluation of Gentamicin's Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern Against Uropathogens in a Tertiary Health Care Center in Dhaka City, Bangladesh

Treatment of UTI patients with aminoglycosides is a familiar incidence. Resistance of antibiotics is also a familiar incidence but it is alarming when it goes to a high ratio. The vital public health problem in developing country like Bangladesh is resistance of antibiotics to different types of bacteria causing UTI and the rates of these bacterial resistances are changing for various antibiotic therapy. Our aim was to assess the susceptible pattern of Gentamicin a drug of Aminoglycosides group against uropathogens. A total of 12943 urine samples were collected in 2016 (Jan-Dec) and out of which 1236 (9.55%) were bacteriologically positive out of these isolated  95.1% were gram negative and 4.9% gram positive organism. Male were found more prone to get UTI under 10 years and between 51-90 years of age and female were more affected in 10 to 50 years and over 90 years of age group. E. coli was the most prevalent (83.9%) isolate followed by Klebsiella spp. (6.7%), Staphylococcus aureus (2.6%), Pseudomonas spp. (2.2%), Enterococcus spp. (2.0%) and Proteus spp. (1.1%). The most predominant organism Acinetobacter spp. (100%) were found sensitive to Gentamicin in both male and female patients and Enterococcus spp. in male (62.5%) and female (58.8%) were found resistant.  Around 37.4% male and 32.5% female were found resistant to E.coli. Keywords: Gentamicin, Aminoglycosides, UTI, Resistance, Uropathogen. DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/67-08 Publication date:October 31st 201

Is Routine Contralateral Exploration Necessary while Doing Herniotomy for Unilateral Inguinal Hernia in Children?

Routine contralateral exploration in infants and children with unilateral inguinal hernia has been practiced by a number of paediatric surgeons based on a presumed high incidence of patent processus vaginalis. Our aim is to report the incidence of contralateral manifestations after repair of unilateral inguinal hernia. A total of 217 patients were regularly followed-up at the department of paediatric surgery in Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH) and Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) from February 1995 to June 2001 in order to determine if contralateral hernia developed after unilateral herniotomy. The overall incidence of contralateral manifestations was 6.45%. The average incidence for contralateral hernia in infants upto 1 year was 11.68%. However, the incidence fell significantly in older children. With such low incidence of contralateral hernia after unilateral herniotomy, the authors do not feel to recommend contralateral exploration for unilateral inguinal hernia.   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/taj.v14i2.8385 TAJ 2001; 14(2): 53-55</jats:p

Transanal Endorectal Pullthrough for Hirschsprung’s Disease Without Frozen-Section Biopsy Facility

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate results of treatment of patients with Hirschsprung’s disease (HPD) by transanal endorectal pull-through (TEPT) in a setting where frozen-section biopsy facility was not available.Methods: From November 2001 to September 2007, fortytwo patients with HPD had undergone TEPT in Rajshahi Medical College Hospital (RMCH) and at various clinics in Rajshahi. The age of the patients ranged from 7 days to 12 years. In all cases, the extent of aganglionosis was limited to recto-sigmoid region and was assessed by the three classical features of contrast enema namely spastic aganglionic zone, transition zone (TZ) and proximal dilated zone (PDZ). During operative pull-through, transition zone (TZ) and proximal dilated zone (PDZ) were identified by naked eye and correlated with x-ray findings. Eleven patients had colostomy fashioned prior to the TEPT procedure. Followup was done for 14 to 58 months (mean 36 months).Result: Thirty-nine patients had satisfactory outcome without any complication. The mean operative time was 100 minutes. The average length of resected gut was 22 cm. Post-operative recovery was smooth and oral feeding was resumed after a mean period of 48 hours. Of the eleven children with colostomy, 6 were older than 10 years with huge megacolon, and the remaining five had their colostomy done at the referring hospital. In 4 patients out of 42, naked eye assessment of the TZ and PDZ and their correlation with the x-ray features were not possible. In such situation, a few cm more of the proximal ganglionic gut from PDZ was resected. Three children out of 42 developed complications; postoperative enterocolitis in two and intra-abdominal bleeding from sigmoid mesocolon in one. There was no incidence of cuff abscess, anastomotic leak, retained segment, encopresis or constipation.Conclusion: The minimal invasive procedure TEPT involves less time with trifle morbidity and offers rapid recovery with shorter hospital stay. The functional outcome is also excellent with small complication rate. The naked eye correlation of the morbid features of rectum and colon in HPD with classical x-ray features is reasonably consistent and TEPT can safely be performed where frozen-section facility is not available.Birdem Med J 2014; 4(2): 84-87</jats:p