Wheeler-DeWitt Equation in Two-dimensional Quantum Gravity with c=1c=1 Conformal Matter Field

In the context of two-dimensional quantum cosmology, we consider the path-integral of a string on annulus which contains the Liouville field and conformal matter fields. We show that, in the transition amplitude of the string universe, the non-zero modes of the fields are all cancelled out only when we take the $c=1$ conformal matter field and impose the Neumann boundary condition on the system. The transition amplitude obtained obeys the minisuperspace Wheeler-DeWitt equation. In our treatment, the modular parameter on annulus plays the role of time variable to integrate out.Comment: 14p, LaTe

The Wave Function of the Universe by the New Euclidean Path-integral Approach in Quantum Cosmology

The wave function of the universe is evaluated by using the Euclidean path integral approach. As is well known, the real Euclidean path integral diverges because the Einstein-Hilbert action is not positive definite. In order to obtain a finite wave function, we propose a new regularization method and calculate the wave function of the Friedmann- Robertson-Walker type minisuperspace model. We then consider a homogeneous but anisotropic type minisuperspace model, which is known as the Bianch type I model. The physical meaning of the wave function by this new regularization method is also examined.Comment: 11 page

Power-Law and Log-Normal Distributions in Firm Size Displacement Data

We have shown that firm size signed displacement data follow not only power-law in the large scale region but also the log-normal distribution in the middle scale one. In the analyses, we employ three databases: high-income data, high-sales data and positive-profits data of Japanese firms. It is particularly worth noting that the growth rate distributions of the firm size displacement have no wide tail which is observed in assets, sales of firms, the number of employees and personal income data. An extended-Gibrat's law is also found in the growth rate distributions. This leads the power-law and the log-normal distributions of the firm size displacement under the detailed balance