Entropy time periods.

<p>Listed are the start of each time period and the most common repeat interval (peak).</p

Factors that affect repeat interval, including (a) age and (b) inpatient vs outpatient setting.

<p>Error bars represent the 25th and 75th percentiles.</p

Summary of repeat intervals for 97 laboratory tests.

<p>Listed for each test are the LOINC (Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Code) name and code; the median repeat interval and standard deviation for all 100,000 repeat intervals; the minimum and maximum median repeat intervals of the 20 value bins and their ratio; the entropy; and the category: “bad-good” (BG), “bad-good-bad” (BGB), “good-bad” (GB), “good-bad-good” (GBG), and “good-bad-good-bad” (GBGB). Repeat intervals are given in days.</p

The median repeat interval for different initial (a) WBC, (b) HDLc, (c) HbA1c, and (d) hCG values.

<p>Error bars represent the 25th and 75th percentiles. Triangles indicate reference values for BWH (black) and MGH (gray).</p

Repeat intervals for 97 common laboratory tests.

<p>(a) Frequency distribution of repeat intervals for all labs. Vertical bars indicate the boundaries used in the entropy calculations to convert repeat intervals to one of 20 discrete categories. (b) Median repeat interval for each of 97 tests. Vertical bars indicate the 25th and 75th percentiles.</p

Capability of 19-L polycarbonate plastic water cooler containers for efficient solar water disinfection (SODIS): Field case studies in India, Bahrain and Spain

The small treated volume (typically ~2 L) associated with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles that are most frequently used in solar water disinfection (SODIS), is a major obstacle to uptake of this water treatment technology in resource-poor environments. In order to address this problem we have conducted a series of experiments in Spain, Bahrain and India, to assess the efficacy of large volume (19 L) transparent plastic (polycarbonate) water cooler/dispenser containers (WDCs) as SODIS reactors to inactivate Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis, under strong natural sunlight. Reduction values of 6 log10 units (LRV = 6.0) have been observed using WDCs in each location. Additional comparisons between 2-L PET bottles and 19-L indicate that WDCs provide bacterial inactivation similar in both systems. SODIS disinfection experiments in turbid water (100 NTU) in both reactors showed very good inactivation efficiency. LRVs of 6 were obtained for E. coli in both WDC and 2-L PET bottles, and in the case of E. faecalis LRV = 5 and 6 were observed in Spain and Bahrain, respectively. These studies demonstrate that under conditions of strong sunlight and mild temperature, 19 L water dispenser containers can be used to provide adequate volumes of SODIS treated water for households or larger community applications such as schools or clinics in the developing world

Histogram of data in Figure 2.

<p>Most of the coauthors are very close to each other within 200 m.</p

Distance and mean citation in different author relationships.

<p>There are four author relationships within an article: first-last, first-middle, last-middle, middle-middle. While there is only one FL in any article, there are (n-2) FMs or LMs in an article with n authors, and (n-2)x(n- 3)/2 MMs. As you can see in FM/LM/MM graphs, the ALL graphs are dominated by > = 5 data because there are way more same relationship pairs as n increases. If there is an article with 100 authors/50 citations, for example, the citation 50 gets counted 98 times in FM/LM mean citation and ∼10000 times in MM. There is one safe case, though. If there are 4 authors, there is only 1 MM. If there are less than 4 authors, there is no MM. Therefore, graphs for FL and MM < = 4 are safe for interpretation. Other graphs should be interpreted carefully.</p

Association between yearly prescriptions for rofecoxib and celecoxib and incidence of myocardial infarctions.

<p>A) Scatter plot reveals the positive relationship between national prescriptions estimates for rofecoxib and celecoxib and hospitalizations due to myocardial infarction. Prescriptions for rofecoxib and celecoxib peaked in 2001 with 52,466,000. Incidence of stays due to myocardial infarction also peaked in 2001 with 62.3 hospitalizations per 10,000. B) Line graphs show the interrupted time series of myocardial infarction-related hospitalizations. Prescriptions for rofecoxib and celecoxib explained approximately 50.3 percent of the deviance in yearly variation of myocardial infarction related hospitalizations.</p

Distance and mean citation for first-last author relationship in three resolutions (100 m, 1 km, and 1000 km).

<p>Distance and mean citation for first-last author relationship in three resolutions (100 m, 1 km, and 1000 km).</p