Potensi Jamur Parasit Telur sebagai Agens Hayati Pengendali Nematoda Puru Akar Meloidogyne Incognita pada Tanaman Tomat

Root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne spp. are sedentary endoparasitic that attacks various economically important plants. Utilization of nematode\u27s fungal egg parasite as biocontrol agents of sedentary endoparasitic nematodes have a good possibility of potential success to be applied in the field level, because this fungi is able to colonize in and causes damage to eggs as well as female nematodes inside the root. The purpose of this research are to know the parasitism ability of this parasitic fungi to Meloidogyne incognita eggs, and its effects on second stage larvae hatching rate and the development of galls number in the host. The result shows that the parasitic fungi, those of Trichoderma, Penicillium, Talaromyces, Fusarium genera were able to parasitize root-knot nematode eggs (25.09 to 89.79%), caused root-knot nematode egg hatching to decrease, suppressed the formation of galls, and reduced the population of second stage nematode larvae in the greenhouse.Nematoda puru-akar Meloidogyne spp. adalah nematoda endoparasitik sedentari, bersifat polifag, dan mempunyai nilai ekonomi tinggi. Pemanfaatan jamur parasit telur sebagai agens hayati pengendali nematoda endoparasitik sedentari mempunyai potensi tingkat keberhasilan tinggi untuk diterapkan pada aras lapangan karena mampu mengoloni dan merusak telur maupun stadium nematoda betina yang terlindungi jaringan tanaman. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui kemampuan parasitasi isolat-isolat jamur parasit telur terhadap telur nematoda Meloidogyne incognita, dan pengaruhnya terhadap tingkat penetasan telur menjadi L-2, serta pembentukan jumlah puru pada tanaman terserang. Hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa jamur parasit telur yang termasuk genera Tricoderma, Penicillium, Talaromyces, dan Fusarium mampu memarasit telur M. incognita berkisar antara 25,09–89,79%, mengakibatkan penurunan persentase jumlah L-2 nematoda yang bersangkutan, serta menekan pembentukan puru akar pada aplikasi aras rumah kaca

Prevalensi Nematoda Parasit pada Pertanaman Pisang di Daerah Istimewa YOGYAKARTA

A study to determine the prevalence and distribution of plant parasitic nematodes associated with banana was undertaken in banana growing areas at four districts (Bantul, Gunung Kidul, Kulon Progo, and Sleman) of Yogyakarta Special Province. Seven genera of plant parasitic nematodes were found on these area: Criconemoides, Helicotylenchus, Hoplolaimus, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Radopholus, and Rotylenchulus. Genera Hoplolaimus and Meloidogyne were distributed at all districts and occurring in soil and root samples of banana cultivars, Ambon, Kepok, Koja, Klutuk, Raja, Tanduk, and Uter, respectively. Four genera, Hoplolaimus, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, and Radopholus were dominant and were found with high level of population than the others on each district. Pratylenchus mostly was found on banana cv Kepok with average population 348,2–2057,3 nematodes on total samples of 5g banana root and 100g soil. Penelitian untuk mengetahui keberadaan dan sebaran nematoda parasit tumbuhan yang menyerang tanaman pisang dilakukan dengan survei di empat daerah kabupaten (Bantul, Gunung Kidul, Kulon Progo, dan Sleman) yang berada di wilayah Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Ditemukan tujuh genera nematoda parasit yang menyerang pisang yaitu: Criconemoides, Helicotylenchus, Hoplolaimus, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Radopholus, dan Rotylenchulus. Genera Hoplolaimus dan Meloidogyne tersebar merata di semua daerah dan didapatkan pada masing-masing sampel akar dan tanah pada hampir semua kultivar pisang: Ambon, Kepok, Koja, Klutuk, Raja, Tanduk, dan Uter. Empat genera yang dominan dengan tingkat populasi tinggi di setiap daerah adalah Hoplolaimus, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, dan Radopholus. Nematoda Pratylenchus banyak ditemukan pada pisang kultivar Kepok dengan rata-rata populasi 348,2– 2057,3 nematoda pada setiap total sampel 5 g akar dan 100 g tanah

Potato Cyst Nematode in East Java: Newly Infected Areas and Identification

Potato Cyst Nematodes (PCN), Globodera rostochiensis has noted to be a devastated pest on potato in Indonesia. It is listed as the A2 pest by Plant Quarantine of Republik Indonesia, and it was also being a highly concerned plant parasitic nematode species worlwide. Therefore, both intensive and extensive surveys should be done to monitor the spread of PCN, especially in East Java as one of the centre of potato plantations in Indonesia. The aim of this study was to study the distribution of PCN in four potato plantations in East Java, i.e. Batu, Magetan, Probolinggo, and Pasuruan which were located between 1,205 to 2,063 m above the sea level. Extraction and isolation of cysts from soil samples was done using Baunacke method, and it was followed by identification of the nematodes using morphological and molecular approaches according to Baldwin and Mundo-Ocampo. The results showed that PCN was found on all sampling sites, i.e. Batu (Sumber Brantas, Jurang Kuali, Tunggangan, Junggo, Brakseng); Magetan (Dadi, Sarangan, Singolangu); Probolinggo (Tukul, Pandansari, Ledokombo, Sumberanom, Wonokerto, Ngadas), Pasuruan (Wonokerto, Tosari, Ledoksari, Ngadiwono). Magetan and Pasuruan were noted as new infested areas in East Java. Both morphological and molecular methods showed that the species found on all sites was Globodera rostochiensis. IntisariNematoda Sista Kentang (NSK), Globodera rostochiensis telah tercatat sebagai hama yang menghancurkan tanaman kentang di Indonesia. NSK terdaftar sebagai Organisme Pengganggu Tumbuhan Karantina golongan A2 oleh Badan Karantina Pertanian Republik Indonesia, dan juga merupakan spesies nematoda parasit tanaman yang sangat merugikan di seluruh dunia. Oleh karena itu, baik survei intensif maupun ekstensif harus dilakukan untuk memantau penyebaran NSK, terutama di Jawa Timur sebagai salah satu sentra tanaman kentang di Indonesia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari distribusi NSK pada empat daerah sentra penanaman kentang di Jawa Timur, yaitu Batu, Magetan, Probolinggo, dan Pasuruan yang terletak antara 1.205 sampai 2.063 m di atas permukaan laut. Ekstraksi dan isolasi sista NSK dari sampel tanah dilakukan dengan metode Baunacke, dan dilanjutkan dengan identifikasi secara morfologi dan molekuler menurut Baldwin dan Mundo-Ocampo. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa NSK ditemukan di semua lokasi pengambilan sampel, yaitu Batu (Sumber Brantas, Jurang Kuali, Tunggangan, Junggo, Brakseng); Magetan (Dadi, Sarangan, Singolangu); Probolinggo (Tukul, Pandansari, Ledokombo, Sumberanom, Wonokerto, Ngadas), Pasuruan (Wonokerto, Tosari, Ledoksari, Ngadiwono). Magetan dan Pasuruan tercatat sebagai daerah sebaran baru di Jawa Timur. Hasil identifikasi secara morfologi dan molekuler menunjukkan bahwa spesies yang ditemukan di semua lokasi adalah Globodera rostochiensis

Sebaran Genera Nematoda Nonparasit Tumbuhan pada Kopi Arabika

This research aims to know the diversity, and population abundance of non plant parasitic nematodes in the soil of Arabica coffee. The samples were taken from healthy and infected plants (those that have infection symptoms). The research area taken at coffee plantation in blok I, II, III, IV, Bentaan, and VI at Afdeling Plalangan Blawan's estate, Bondowoso, East Java. From each block ten plants were taken, five each for healthy and infected plants. Analysis of nematode population was done by whitehead tray technique modification method. Identification was done based on the characteristic of non- parasitic nematode. The results showed that the genera of non-parasitic nematodes found include Dorylaimus, Rhabditis, Aphelenchus, Acrobeles, and Mononchus. The non-parasitic nematodes population were found to be higher in healthy, rather than on the infected plants soil. The genus Rhabditis population in healthy plant was 86.61 nematodes/ 100 ml of soil, while in infected plants was 56.01 nematodes/100 ml of soil. The genus Dorylaimus population in healthy plant was 49.9 nematodes/100 ml of soil, while in infected plants was 95.6 nematodes/100 ml of soil. The genus Mononchus population in healthy plant was 53.00 nematodes/100 ml of soil, while in infected plants was 37.65 nematodes/ 100 ml of soil. The genera of Aphelenchus and Acrobeles populations were 98.28 nematodes/100 ml and 0.0792/100 ml of soil, respectively. Non-parasitic nematodes were more abundant in healthy soil than in infected soil. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keragaman genera serta kelimpahan nematoda nonparasit pada tanah pertanaman kopi Arabika. Penelitian dilakukan dengan pengambilan sampel tanah yang diambil pada tanaman sehat dan tanaman yang menunjukkan gejala sakit terserang nematoda. Lahan pertanaman yang diamati Afdeling Plalangan, Kebun Blawan, Bondowoso, Jawa Timur. Masing-masing blok diambil sepuluh tanaman, mencakup lima tanaman sehat dan lima tanaman yang bergejala terserang nematoda. Analisis populasi nematoda dilakukan dengan metode nampan saring (metode Whitehead Tray yang telah dimodifikasi), dilanjutkan identifikasi berdasarkan karakter dan morfologi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada pertanaman kopi ada beberapa genera nematoda non-parasit tumbuhan yaitu Dorylaimus, Rhabditis, Aphelenchus, Acrobeles, dan Mononchus. Populasi nematoda nonparasit pada tanah sehat lebih tinggi dibandingkan pada tanah terinfeksi nematoda parasite tanaman. Populasi tertinggi genus Rhabditis pada tanaman yang sehat yaitu 86,61ekor/100 ml tanah, sebaliknya pada tanaman sakit 56,01 ekor/100 ml tanah. Populasi genus Dorylaimus tertinggi pada tanaman sehat 49,9 ekor/100 ml tanah, sebaliknya pada tanaman sakit 95,6 ekor/100 ml tanah. Populasi genus Mononchus tertinggi tanaman sehat 53,00 ekor/100 ml tanah, sebaliknya pada tanaman sakit 37,65 ekor/100 ml tanah. Populasi genus Aphelenchus 98,28 ekor/100 ml tanah. Populasi genus Acrobeles 0,0792/100 ml. Nematoda nonparasit pada tanah sehat lebih melimpah dibandingkan di tanah terinfeksi nematoda

Optimalization of Temperature to Control Araecerus Fasciculatus De Geer (Coleoptera: Anthribidae) on Nutmeg

The exported nutmeg of Indonesia is frequently affected by the coffee bean weevil, Araecerus fasciculatus de Geer (Coleoptera: Anthribidae), so that it should be fumigated prior to export. CH3Br is an effective fumigant as quarantine measure for export products for 24 h, but this fumigant has been prohibited. Therefore, air temperature treatment is one of the alternative strategies. This research was aimed to determine the optimum air temperature in controlling A. fasciculatus on nutmeg. Healthy nutmeg, infected and A. fasciculatus-containing nutmeg, as well as individual adults of A. fasciculatus were treated with air temperature of 30−70°C for 1−24 h. The optimum air temperature was the lowest temperature which could kill 100% of examined insects. The results showed that 100% mortality of A. fasciculatus adults outside nutmeg occurred at air temperature of 45°C for 12 h or 50°C for 6 h. Meanwhile, 100% mortality of life stadium of A. fasciculatus inside nutmeg happened at air temperature of 55°C for 24 h. The raising of air temperature at 30−50°C for 24 h decreased the water content of nutmeg from 5.59±0.25 to 3.79±0.24%. The increment of temperature from 50 to 55°C for 24 h reduced the weight of nutmeg from 5.20±0.72 to 5.04±0.70 g. Air temperature treatment at 45−50°C for 12−24 h could eliminate adults of A. fasciculatus on exported nutmeg and air temperature of 55°C for 24 h could remove all life stadia of A. fasciculatus within nutmeg. IntisariBiji pala ekspor Indonesia sering diserang oleh kumbang bubuk biji kopi, Araecerus fasciculatus de Geer (Coleoptera: Anthribidae), sehingga harus difumigasi sebelum diekspor. Tindakan karantina pada produk ekspor yang sering menggunakan CH3Br efektif selama 24 jam, namun fumigan ini sudah dilarang. Oleh karena itu, perlakuan suhu udara merupakan salah satu alternatifnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan suhu udara optimal untuk mengendalikan A. fasciculatus pada biji pala. Biji pala yang sehat, biji pala yang terserang dan berisi serangga A. fasciculatus serta imago A. fasciculatus diperlakukan dengan suhu udara 30−70°C selama 1−24 jam. Suhu udara optimal yaitu suhu terendah yang dapat membunuh 100% serangga uji. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 100% mortalitas imago A. fasciculatus di luar biji pala terjadi pada suhu udara 45°C selama 12 jam atau 50°C selama 6 jam. Sementara itu, mortalitas 100% stadia hidup A. fasciculatus di dalam biji pala terjadi pada suhu udara 55°C selama 24 jam. Kenaikan suhu udara 30−50°C selama 24 jam menurunkan kadar air biji pala dari 5,59±0,25 menjadi 3,79±0,24%. Peningkatan suhu dari 50 menjadi 55°C selama 24 jam menurunkan berat biji pala dari 5,20±0,72 menjadi 5,04±0,70 g. Perlakuan suhu udara 45−50°C selama 12−24 jam dapat mengeliminasi imago A. fasciculatus pada biji pala ekspor dan suhu udara 55°C selama 24 jam dapat mengeliminasi semua stadia hidup A. fasciculatus di dalam biji pala

Molecular and Pathotype Identification of Potato Cyst Nematodes

In Indonesia, potato cyst nematode (PCN) was first reported in Bumiaji, Kota Batu, East Java by PT Syngenta and was identified as Globodera rostochiensis. Based on the surveillances, G. rostochiensis were also found in Batur, Banjarnegara, and Kejajar, Wonosobo, and Pangalengan, Bandung. In addition, in Batur, Banjarnegara, another species which was identified as G. pallida was found. The aim of this research were to identify the species of PCN using molecular method, pathotype identification, and to study the distributions of PCN especially in Java. The PCN are collected from potato planting areas in Kota Batu, East Java; Wonosobo and Banjarnegara, Central Java; and Pangalengan, Bandung, West Java. PCN were extracted and isolated from soil, and then identified by morphological and molecular analysis. PCN were found in potato planting areas in Kota Batu, East Java; Wonosobo and Banjarnegara, Central Java; and Pangalengan, West Java. Based on the morphological characters, molecular method, and the differential host test, the PCN identified as G. rostochiensis are amplified an approximately 434 bp with pathotype Ro2. Di Indonesia, nematoda sista kentang (NSK) pertama dilaporkan di Bumiaji, Kota Batu, Jawa Timur oleh PT Syngenta yang diidentifikasi sebagai Globodera rostochiensis. Berdasarkan hasil survei, NSK ditemukan di Batur, Banjarnegara dan Kejajar, Wonosobo, Pangalengan. Spesies G. pallida juga ditemukan Batur, Banjarnegara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi spesies NSK menggunakan metode molekuler, identifikasi patotipe NSK, dan untuk mengetahui penyebaran NSK khususnya di Pulau Jawa. Sampel NSK dikumpulkan dari lahan pertanaman kentang di Bumiaji, Kota Batu, Jawa Timur; Wonosobo dan Banjarnegara, Jawa Tengah; serta Pangalengan, Bandung, Jawa Tengah. NSK diekstraksi dan diisolasi dari tanah yang selanjutnya diidentifikasi secara morfologi dan analisis molekuler. NSK yang terdapat pada lahan pertanaman kentang ditemukan di Kota Batu, Jawa Timur; Wonosobo dan Banjarnegara, Jawa Tengah; serta Pangalengan, Jawa Tengah. Berdasarkan karakter morfologi, metode secara molekuler, dan uji kesesuaian inang, NSK yang diperoleh teridentifikasi sebagai G. rostochiensis yang teramplifikasi pada kisaran 434 bp dengan patotipe Ro2

Early Steps of Tomato Breeding Resist to Root-knot Nematode

The inheritance pattern of resistant tomato to root-knot nematode was studied. GM2 accession and Gondol Putih (GP) cultivars were used as resistant and susceptible parent, respectively. Parental plants, F1 generation, and the F2 generation were grown individually in the sterile soil. One thousand of larvae stage 2 (L2) nematode of M. incognita was infested in each plant. Data of root gall intensity, the number of egg mass, population of L2 nematodes in root and soil were analyzed with the Kormogorov-Smirnov\u27s test, Chi-square test, and potence ratio. The F2 selected resistant plants then were grown and self fertilized to identify of homozygote plants (F2) related to nematode resistant and good fruit characters. The result showed that the resistant to root-knot nematode was controlled by a dominant gene. Positive correlation between damage levels of roots, eggs mass number and L2 larvae population in the root was significant. Eleven selected plants, conferred the homozygous resistant gene, was prospective lines to be used pedigree or single seed descent selection in producing variety with resistant to nematode, high yield and quality of fruit

The Effect of Temperature, Potato Varieties, and the Origin of Cyst on the Reproductive Biology of Globodera Rostochiensis

Potato cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis [Wollenweber] Behrens) is a nematode species of worldwide regulatory concern. This nematode caused serious economic of potato losses in Indonesia. This research studied by factorial designed to evaluated the effect of temperature (10, 20, and 30ºC), potato varieties (`Granola´, `Margahayu´, and `Cipanas´), and origin of cyst (West, Central, and East Java) on reproductive biology of G. rostochiensis in the growth chamber. The research was conducted by observed of produced the new cyst number, reproduction fitness, survival, fecundity, and multiplication of G. rostochiensis. The result showed that all of the potato varieties were infected by G. rostochiensis when they were grown at the temperature ranging of 20 and 30ºC but not at 10ºC. The optimum temperature for maximum number of cysts with the highest reproduction factor, survival, fecundity and multiplication rate for all populations was 20ºC. The origin of cyst did not have any effect on the reproductive rate. The temperature of 20ºC provided is best environment for the life of G. rostochiensis on Granola. INTISARINematoda sista kentang (Globodera rostochiensis [Wollenweber] Behrens) adalah spesies nematoda yang mendapatkan perhatian khusus di seluruh dunia. G. rostochiensis menyebabkan kerugian ekonomi yang serius pada pertanaman kentang di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menguji pengaruh perbedaan suhu (10, 20, dan 30ºC), varietas kentang (Granola, Cipanas, dan Margahayu), dan asal sista (Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, dan Jawa Timur) terhadap biologi reproduksi G. rostochiensis di growth chamber menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap faktorial. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap jumlah sista baru, kemampuan reproduksi, daya tahan hidup, keperidian dan multiplikasi G. rostochiensis. Seluruh varietas kentang yang diuji terserang G. rostochiensis pada suhu 20 dan 30ºC kecuali pada suhu 10ºC. Kisaran suhu optimum untuk memperoleh jumlah sista baru yang maksimum dengan kemampuan reproduksi, daya tahan hidup, keperidian dan multiplikasi untuk semua populasi adalah 20ºC. Asal sista tidak berpengaruh terhadap biologi reproduksi yang diteliti. Kentang varietas Granola yang ditanam pada suhu 20ºC merupakan inang yang sesuai untuk kehidupan G. rostochiensis