INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE DISTRICT PINRANG REGENCY SOUTH SULAWESI

Abstract: This study aims to determine the area of integration of agricultural development strategy developed by the community in Pinrang Regency through the optimization of its potential. This study is a qualitative study using a phenomenological approach. Based on the type of research data source of this research is the head of Planning Agency, and the Department of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Pinrang. The focus of this research is the development strategy of the measured area of agricultural integration of processing and utilization of agricultural waste, and increase the income and food security. Data collection techniques performed using individual interviews. Partcipant observation, and documentation. Data validation techniques through triangulation consisting of transferability. Dependability, and confirmability. Data pbtained from interviews with informants, and the results were analyzed in a structured observation from data collection, data reduction, the categorization of data interpretation and meaning of data. Presenting Datain an organized and systematic, then do inference. Keywords : Public Administration, Public Policy, Management Strategy, Development Zone

THE ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOR OF COMMUNITY AT UPSTREAM MAROS CATCHMENT AREA

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to examine and to analyze the ecosystem knowledge, conservation knowledge, and pollution knowledge that have effect on the community attitudes in preserving the environment, toward the community behavior at the upstream Maros catchment area This study used a quantitative approach and survey method with a questionnaire instrument. The instruments used were developed by researchers, including: questionnaire of environmental behavior and attitudes, test of knowledge ecosystems; conservation knowledge and pollution knowledge the model that used for this study is Structural Equation Model to understand the relationship of all variables. The results show that the ecosystem knowledge variables (X1), conservation knowledge (X2), and pollution knowledge (X3) have direct and significant impact on environmental attitudes (X4). Moreover, the conservation knowledge variable (X2), pollution knowledge (X3), is also has direct and significant impact on people’s behavior (Y). Meanwhile the ecosystem knowledge variables (X1) has no direct effect on the community behavior and no significant impact on environment aspect, it represents a significant value of p – value> 0.05

Cryptococcal Meningitis among AIDS Patients in Jakarta

Abstract Cryptococcosis is a common opportunistics infections in AIDS and caused by the encapsulated yeast Cryptococcus neoformans. The predominant clinical manifestation in AIDS patients is meningitis. For the establishment of diagnosis, India ink test and culture were done. Serology test to detect capsular antigen glucoronoxylomannan (GXM) was done to support the diagnosis of cryptococcosis. The aim of this study is to know the prevalence of cryptococcosis among AIDS patients with CNS involvement in Jakarta and its surrounding places. The study was conducted from 2005 – 2007 at the Mycology laboratory Department of Parasitology, University of Indonesia, Faculty of Medicine. Spinal fluid from 154 AIDS patients with CNS involvement from Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital and other hospitals around Jakarta were tested using India ink test and cultured on sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) and bird seed agar (BSA) and 48 were tested by latex agglutination test to detect GXM antigen. Out of 154 spinal fluids tested by india ink and culture, 32 (20,77%) samples contained Cryptococcus. GXM antigen was detected in 29 out of 48 samples. From 29 samples with GXM antigen, eight samples were also positive after mycology examination. The prevalence of cryptococcosis among AIDS patients with CNS involvement in Jakarta is 20.77%. Key words: spinal fluid, Cryptococcus neformans, prevalence, GXM antigen Abstrak Kriptokokosis yang disebabkan oleh khamir Cryptococcus neoformans merupakan infeksi oportunistik pada AIDS, dan meningitis adalah manifestasi klinis yang paling sering ditemukan. Untuk menegakkan diagnosis digunakan pemeriksaan tinta India dan kultur pada media agar. Uji serologi untuk deteksi antigen kapsular glucoronoxylomannan (GXM) dapat digunakan untuk mendukung penegakan diagnosis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi kriptokokosis pada penderita AIDS dengan gangguan serebral yang dilaksanakan sepanjang April 2005 – February 2007. Sebanyak 154 cairan otak penderita AIDS dari daerah Jakarta dan sekitarnya diperiksa dengan sediaan tinta India, dan kultur pada agar sabouraud dekstrose (ASD) dan bird seed agar (BSA). Dari 154 sampel, hanya 48 sampel yang menjalani pemeriksaan antigen GXM dengan metode agglutinasi lateks. Dari 154 cairan otak yang diperiksa dengan tinta india dan kultur 21 (20,77%) sampel mengandung Cryptococcus. Antigen GXM terdeteksi pada 29 dari 48 sampel. Dari 29 sampel yang positif antigen GXM, delapan positif mengandung Cryptococcus. Prevalensi kriptokokosis pada penderita AIDS dengan gangguan SSP di Jakarta sebesar 20,77%. Kata kunci: cairan otak, Cryptococcus neformans, prevalensi, antigen GX

HIV-Associated Sensory Neuropathy

As advances in the treatment of HIV are now allowing patients a longer life span, further comorbidities become apparent. This includes sensory neuropathy (HIV-SN) which can affect a patient’s quality of life. Here, we review factors influencing HIV-SN in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy that promotes this condition and in the modern era when these therapies have been withdrawn. This has halved the incidence of HIV-SN, but the condition remains significant in the lives of many sufferers. Genetic polymorphisms that influence pathogenesis of HIV-SN have indicated likely mechanisms, but studies of skin biopsies and animal models are needed to confirm the roles of the encoded proteins

EVALUATION OF GRA6 AS GENETIC MARKER FOR DETERMINING TOXOPLASMA GONDII GENOTYPE IN THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID OF HIV/AIDS PATIENTS WITH TOXOPLASMIC ENCEPHALITIS

Background: Toxoplasmic encephalitis is a severe manifestation of Toxoplasma gondii infection, with potentially fatal outcomes, particularly among immunocompromised patients. Clinical manifestation of this infection is associated with a specific genotype of T. gondii, requiring the use of genetic marker for genotype determination. Aims: This study critically evaluated the application of GRA6 gene as genetic marker for genotyping T. gondii in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from HIV/AIDS patients diagnosed with Toxoplasmic encephalitis. Methods: The study analyzed 69 CSF samples from HIV/AIDS patients with Toxoplasmic encephalitis. These samples tested positive for Toxoplasma IgG serology and SAG2 PCR, while GRA6 genotyping was conducted using PCR-sequencing methods. Results: The results showed that GRA6 had potential for genotyping in positive control settings from culture cells. However, there was limited effectiveness in CSF samples from Toxoplasmic encephalitis patients. Conclusion: GRA6 had been proven effective as a genetic marker for the identification of T. gondii genotype among HIV/AIDS patients with Toxoplasmic encephalitis. However, the evaluation of GRA6 showed more effectiveness in cultured cells compared to direct clinical samples, such as cerebrospinal fluid obtained from HIV/AIDS patients with Toxoplasmic encephalitis.

PKM PELATIHAN PENGEMBANGAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN INTERAKTIF UNTUK GURU-GURU DI PONDOK PESANTREN SYEKH HASAN YAMANI KABUPATEN POLEWALI MANDAR

PKM PELATIHAN PENGEMBANGAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN INTERAKTIF UNTUK GURU-GURU DI PONDOK PESANTREN SYEKH HASAN YAMANI KABUPATEN POLEWALI MANDA

Diagnosis Kriptokokosis Meningeal pada Penderita AIDS dengan Deteksi Antigen Glucuronoxylomanan pada Cairan Otak

AbstrakKriptokokosis meningeal karena ragi berkapsul Cryptococcus sering didapatkan pada penderita AIDS dan menyebabkan kecacatan dan kematian. Diagnosis dini yang diharapkan dapat diatasi dengan diagnosis pemeriksaan tinta India yang rendah dan kultur yang perlu 5-7 hari. Sebagai alternatif, WHO merekomendasikan deteksi antigen dengan cara uji aglutinasi lateks untuk deteksi antigen glucuronoxylomanan (GXM) dan lateral flow asay yang mendeteksi kompleks antigen Cryptococcus sp. Mengingat antigen GXM juga dapat ditemukan pada orang sehat, perlu ditetapkan nilai batas (cut off) yang untuk mendiagnosis kriptokokosis klinis. Pada penelitian ini, nilai cut off GXM dicari dengan memeriksa cairan otak yang tidak diencerkan, diencerkan 100×, 300×, dan 500× dengan menggunakan metoda aglutinasi lateks (PASTOREX TM CRYPTO PLUS 61747 (kat. 7EM2093, Bio-Rad Perancis). Tiap dilusi dihitung sensitivitas, spesifisitas, NPP, NPN, dan nilai kappa untuk menilai kesetaraan antara metode uji dengan baku emas (tinta india dan kultur) serta uji McNemar untuk mengetahui perbedaan antara metode uji dan baku emas. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve dinilai untuk mengetahui kombinasi terbaik sensitivitas dan spesifisitas. Deteksi antigen GXM pada cairan otak menunjukkan sensitivitas dan spesifisitas yang bervariasi pada dilusi yang berbeda. Sensitivitas terbaik didapatkan pada LCS yang tidak diencerkan, namun spesifisitas terbaik ditemukan pada dilusi 500× (100%) disusul oleh dilusi 300× (98,1%). Secara keseluruhan berdasarkan sensitivitas, spesifisitas, NPP, NPN, nilai kappa dan nilai ROC, dilusi 300× merupakan dilusi terbaik. Uji McNemar memperlihatkan tidak ada perbedaan antara metode uji dan baku emas. Dilusi cairan otak 300× merupakan nilai cut off deteksi GXM untuk menegakkan diagnosis kriptokokosis meningeal. Kata kunci: Cryptococcus neoformans, meningitis, diagnosis AbstractMeningeal cryptococcosis is caused by encapsulated yeast Cryptococcus. This infection has a high morbidity and mortality rate. Early diagnosis is one of the keys to reduce morbidity and mortality. India ink examination is hampered by its low sensitivity, while culture is time consuming. WHO recommends antigen detection methods as an alternative, i.e. latex aglutination for Glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) and lateral flow assay (LFA) for antigen complex for Cryptococcus. Since GXM antigen is also found in healthy people, cut off value for clinical cryptococcosis needs to be established. In this studi, the GXM antigen detection was conducted by latex agglutination test (PASTOREXTM CRYPTO PLUS 61747 kat. 7EM2093, Bio-Rad, France). To establish the cut off value, a neat concentration, as well as 100, 300 and 500 times dilution of spinal fluids were tested. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and kappa value for each dilution were calculated against the gold standard (india ink examination and culture). McNemar test was performed to evaluate the difference between the test and the gold standard. Receiver operating characteristics(ROC) curve was used to determine the best combination of sensitivity and specificity. GXM antigen detection on spinal fluid showed variation of sensitivity and specificity in different dilutions. The neat solution gave the best sensitivity, while the best specificity was shown by 500× dilution (100%) and then followed by 300× dilution (98,1%). Overall, 300× dilution gave the best combination of sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, (p=0,07). In conclusion, 300× dilution of spinal fluid is the best cut off value for GXM detection for diagnosing meningeal cryptococcosis. Key words: Cryptococcus neoformans, meningitis, diagnosis &nbsp

Molecular Identification of Cryptococcus neoformans Isolates from House Environments of HIV-Infected Patients in an Urban Area, Indonesia: A First Report

Cryptococcus neoformans isolates were previously obtained from pigeon droppings in Jakarta. This study aimed to determine another source of infection and describe the supporting niche of the fungus. The occurrence of C. neoformans was evaluated in 110 samples of decaying wood and leaves, tree hollow debris, dust, and bird droppings. Yeasts isolates were collected from 22 houses of HIV-infected patients. The isolates were identified based on culture characteristics, an assimilation test, and URA5 restriction fragment length polymorphism polymerase chain reaction. The spatial analysis was conducted in geographical information system to determine dominant house and environmental factors. Seven of the 120 isolates (5.83%) were identified as C. neoformans, corresponding to four (18.2%) houses. All isolates were from house environments of HIV-infected patients with cryptococcal meningitis. Spearman’s correlation analysis and McNemar’s test revealed a significant association between cryptococcosis in HIV-infected patients and their environment. The clinical and environmental isolates were 100% identical based on molecular techniques, indicating that the patients acquired cryptococcosis from the environment. The spatial analysis revealed that house dust, soil, and leaves were the dominant distribution factors in terms of estimating disease prevalence. This study demonstrates that the house environment is a source of infection for cryptococcosis

Cryptococcus Penyebab Kriptokokosis dan Berbagai Aspek Penting

Pada bulan Oktober 2022 WHO meluncurkan WHO Fungal Priority Pathogens List to Guide Research, Development and Public Health Action yang antara lain memuat daftar jamur patogen yang dapat menyebabkan penyakit pada manusia. Dalam daftar tersebut Cryptococcus bertengger di puncak Critical Priority Group. Hal itu menunjukkan pentingnya Cryptococcus sebagai penyebab mikosis atau infeksi jamur pada manusia. Kriptokokosis yang disebabkan oleh Cryptococcus spp. dikenal sebagai salah satu infeksi oportunistik penting pada pasien terinfeksi HIV yang telah memasuki fase AIDS. Pada pasien terinfeksi HIV imunitas tubuh berkompromi dengan patogen (compromised immunity) sehingga infeksi oportunistik yang mematikan mudah terjadi. Jamur tersebut dapat menginfeksi hampir seluruh organ namun yang terpenting adalah kemampuannya menginfeksi susunan saraf pusat (SSP) yakni menyebabkan meningo-ensefalitis yang angka kecacatan dan mortalitasnya tinggi. Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir beberapa negara di Asia termasuk Indonesia mulai banyak melaporkan kriptokokosis pada pasien non-HIV seperti pada keganasan, transplantasi organ dan gangguan imunitas lain bahkan pada individu tanpa gangguan imunitas yang jelas. Karena alasan di atas, diagnosis dini menjadi keharusan agar penderita dapat diselamatkan. Diagnosis dini memungkinkan pemberian terapi sebelum terjadi kecacatan bahkan dapat mencegah kematian. Dalam buku ini akan dibahas berbagai aspek kriptokokosis mulai dari penyakit/klinis, diagnosis laboratorium dan pengobatan yang meliputi cara pemberian obat termasuk cara pemberian Am-B obat penyelamat jiwa untuk kriptokokosis. Bab tentang farmakologi obat juga tersedia untuk memberikan pemahaman yang lebih baik tentang berbagai aspek pengobatan. Selain itu untuk lebih memahmai patogenesis penyakit juga ada bab khusus tentang imunologi kriptokokosis. Buku ini terbit atas kerjasama para dokter peneliti yang biasa bekerja dengan jamur dan menangani pasien kriptokokosis yang berasal dari Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Kristen Indonesia dan Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia. Penulis juga tergabung dalam Perhimpunan Mikologi Kedokteran Indonesia

HUBUNGAN PERTAMBAHAN BERAT BADAN IBU HAMIL DENGAN BERAT BADAN BAYI DI RSIA SITTI KHADIJAH MAKASSAR

Kehamilan melibatkan aspek fisik, psikologis, dan sosial, dengan kenaikan berat badan ibu hamil menjadi indikator penting untuk menilai kesehatan ibu dan perkembangan janin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara kenaikan berat badan ibu selama kehamilan dengan berat badan bayi yang lahir di Rumah Sakit Ibu dan Anak Sitti Khadijah 1 Muhammadiyah Makassar. Desain penelitian observasional analitik dengan pendekatan potong lintang digunakan, melibatkan 40 ibu hamil yang melahirkan pada Januari-Februari 2025. Data dikumpulkan melalui rekam medis dan buku Kesehatan Ibu dan Anak, kemudian dianalisis menggunakan uji Chi-square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sebagian besar ibu mengalami kenaikan berat badan dalam kategori normal (70,7%) dan 95% bayi lahir dengan berat badan normal. Terdapat hubungan signifikan antara kenaikan berat badan ibu dan berat badan bayi yang lahir, dengan nilai p 0,042. Kesimpulan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kenaikan berat badan ibu yang normal atau lebih cenderung melahirkan bayi dengan berat badan normal. Penelitian ini menegaskan pentingnya pemantauan kenaikan berat badan ibu untuk mencegah kelahiran bayi dengan berat badan rendah