Protection provided by hepatitis B vaccine in adult population of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, Iran in 2013

Introduction: Hepatitis B vaccination has been integrated into National Expanded Program on Immunization in Iran since the year 1993 and young adult national vaccination project was done in 2008. So we have three subpopulations with vaccination coverage for hepatitis B and different antibody levels. Consisting of Subpopulation 1 born after 1993, subpopulation 2 born between 1989 and 1993 and receiving vaccination under adult national project, and subpopulation 3 born prior to the year 1989. Aim: The present study was conducted to investigate community protection by hepatitis B vaccine in adult population in an accessible population in Iran and compare vaccination coverage, HBs Ab level, and its effective titration among the three above-mentioned subpopulations. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was done on a 3000-individual adult population from all seven counties of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province enrolled by clustering. After obtaining written consent and filling out a questionnaire of demographic data and history of hepatitis B vaccination by trained interviewers, necessary blood sample was taken and HBs Ab titration was checked. The data were analysed by chi-square in SPSS 19. The level of significance was considered as 0.05 and effective Ab titration as ≥ 10. Results: The mean age of the participants was 38.4±16.3 years. Of the participants 48.2% had effective titration. For vaccination coverage, 77.4% were unvaccinated, 20% completely vaccinated, and 2.6% incompletely vaccinated with a significant association with effective titration (p<0.001). Eighty six percent of the subpopulation 1 and 79% of the subpopulation 2 were completely vaccinated, with a significant difference in effective titration between them (p<0.001). Vaccination coverage was higher in men and the single but equal in cities and villages. The effective titration was significantly associated with being married and residence place (p=0.003). There was a significant association between effective titration and the time at vaccination (p<0.001). Conclusion: Protection provided by hepatitis B vaccine in adult population is relatively suitable especially in the youth population; however, catch-up programs of the groups exposed to risk are recommended. © 2016, Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. All rights reserved

Seroprevalence of HBV, HCV and HIV infection among intravenous drug users in Shahr-e-Kord, Islamic Republic of Iran

This study was conducted in 2004 to evaluate the prevalence of hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HBC) and human immunodeficiency (HIV) virus infection in 133 injecting drug users (IDUs) attending a voluntary rehabilitation centre in Shahr-e-Kord, and to identify risk factors for these infections in this group. Serum samples were screened for HBV, HCV and HIV infection. Only 1 participant (0.8) was HIV positive, 15 (11.2) were HCV positive and 8 (6.0) were positive for HBV surface antigen. There was significant correlation between using shared syringes and infection with HIV, HCV and HBV

Bile bacteria of patients with cholelithiasis and theirs antibiogram

To prevent post cholecystectomy infection, the most common microorganisms causing it and their antibacterial susceptibility pattern should be determined. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the exact incidence and nature of the microbial flora in the bile of the patients with cholelithiasis and chronic cholecystitis as well as their antibiotic sensitivity pattern. In this study, a total of 132 samples from the patients were tested for bacterial strains using the appropriate methods for testing them. The isolated bacteria were subsequently subjected to antibacterial susceptibility test using Kirby-Bauer method. The data were analyzed using Frequency, Chi-square and t-test. Fifty of 132 (37.87) studied patients were positive for bacteria. The most common isolated organisms were Escherichia coli (13; 26), Enterobacteriaceae (9; 18), and Salmonella typhi (7; 14). The most effective antibiotics were sequentially Amikacin, Ceftriaxone, and Clindamycin. Isolating bacteria and determining their sensitivity to different antibiotics may be help physicians take prophylactic measures against postoperative infection of cholelithiasis and chronic cholecystitis. © 2013 Tehran University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved

The incidence rate of chronic brucellosis following one-year antibiotic therapy in Koohrang district of Chaharmahal & Bakhtyari province

چکیده: زمینه و هدف: بروسلوز بیماری مشترک انسان و دام است که از نظر بالینی به حالت های مختلف از جمله بروسلوز مزمن ممکن است تظاهر نماید. هدف از اجرای این مطالعه، تعیین میزان بروز بروسلوز مزمن در بین بیماران درمان شده، بعد از یک سال پیگیری می باشد. روش بررسی: این پژوهش یک مطالعه آینده نگر است که بعد از شناسائی بیماران مبتلا به بروسلوز حاد و تکمیل پرسشنامه های مربوط به خصوصیات دمـــوگرافیک، چگونگی آلودگی آنها به بروسلوز، علایم و نشانه های بیماری و انجام تست های آگلوتیناسیون استاندارد رایت و 2ME (2 Mercapto Ethonol) تحت درمان داروئی قـــرار گرفتند. بعد از گذشت یک سال (1383) با مراجعه به منطقه از همان بیماران مجدداً معیـــار های فوق و میزان پاسخ به درمان های تجویز شده بر اساس علایم و نشانه های باقی مانده و وجود عیار سرمی رایت >160/1 و 2ME >160/1 بروسلوز مزمن قلمداد گردید. سپس داده های حاصل از آزمایشات و پرسشنامه های تکمیل شده، با استفاده از آزمون های آماری t، کای دو و آنالیز واریانس مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. یافته ها: در طغیان بروسلوز در سال 1382، 119 نفر مبتلا به بروسلوز حاد شدند که 9/63 بیماران مرد و 3/30 آنها دامدار بودند. آرتریت با 7/88 و تب با 54/78 شایع ترین علایم و نشانه های بیماران بود. در پیگیری بعدی 97 نفر در سال بعد مجدداً شناسائی شدند. رژیم های دارویی استفاده شده برای بیماران عمدتاً ریفامپین و کوتریموکسازول (8/59) و داکسی سیکلین با ریفامپین (5/17) بود. 5/17 بیماران تیتر نهایی رایت و5/16 تیتر 2ME بالاتر از 160/1 داشتند. 5/15 دچار عود علائم شدند. با توجه به تیتراسیون مثبت رایت و 2ME و همچنین باقی ماندن علائم بیماری میزان بروز بروسلوزیس مزمن 5/16 بود. بین نوع داروی مصرفی و عیار نهائی سرمی تست های رایت و 2ME و همچنین سیر بالینی بیماران در یک سال بعد رابطه معنی دار آماری بود به طوری که استفاده از رژیم دارویی کوتریموکسازول - ریفامپین باعث بالا رفتن شانس مزمن شدن بیماری بروسلوز گردیده است (001/0

The relevance of related-risk behaviors and seroprevalence of HBV, HCV and HIV infection in intravenous drug users from Shahrekord, Iran, 2004

چکیده: زمینه و هدف: اعتیاد تزریقی یکی از مهمترین عوامل خطر برای عفونت هپاتیت ویروسی و ویروس نقص ایمنی انسانی (Human Immunodoficiency Virus=HIV) می باشد. مطالعه حاضر برای تعیین میزان شیوع سرمی هپاتیت C (HCV) و B (HBV) و HIV در معتادان تزریقی و همچنین بررسی برخی عوامل خطر در این گروه انجام شد. روش بررسی: این مطالعه در سال 1383 در شهرکرد به صورت توصیفی - تحلیلی انجام شد. تعداد 133 نفر از معتادان تزریقی مراجعه کننده به مراکز ترک اعتیاد شهرکرد انتخاب و اطلاعات جمعیت شناسی (سن، جنس) و رفتاری (اعتیاد تزریقی، سابقه زندان و غیره) مرتبط با بیماری های هپاتیت C و B و عفونت HIV بوسیله چک لیستی جمع آوری گردید و نمونه سرم برای بررسی افراد از نظر ابتلا به بیماری های فوق گرفته شد. نتایج از طریق آزمون کای دو و روشهای آمار توصیفی آنالیز شد و 05/0p(p. نتیجه گیری: بـر اساس نتاِیج این بررسی، معتادان تزریقی نسبت به جمعیت عادی میزان ابتلای بیشتری به این عفونت ها دارند و مهمترین عامـل خطر ابتلای به این عفونت ها، اعتیاد تزریقی و استفاده از سرنگ مشترک می باشد

Sequence-based genotyping of hepatitis B virus in general population.

BACKGROUND Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) causes acute and chronic liver disease worldwide. HBV has eight genotypes (A to H) which is the reflection of its genome with their characteristic geographical distribution. Each genotype could have different pathogenic and therapeutic characteristics. There have been few records on HBV genotyping in general population from our region. This study aimed to determine hepatitis B genotypes using sequencing in the general population of Shahrekord, a Southwestern region of Iran. METHODS A total of 3000 serum samples (cluster sampling method) were enrolled from general population tested for HBsAg using ELISA. Using appropriate extraction kit, HBV DNA was extracted from HBsAg positive samples and each was subjected to nested PCR for detection of HBV DNA. Finally, using sequencing, the samples were used for HBV genotyping. Data were analyzed by SPSS 19 using descriptive statistics, chi square, and Fisher's exact test. P-value < 0.05 was considered as the level of significance. RESULTS Out of 3000 serum samples, 40 (1.3%) were positive for HBsAg. HBV DNA was detected in 10 out of 40 (25%) of the samples studied. Genotype D was the predominant HBV type found in all of these 10 HBV positive samples. CONCLUSION Genotype D is probably the predominant HBV type in our region

The Influence of Incorrect Customs of Lifestyle in Hepatitis B Infection Transmission.

Hepatitis B (HB) disease occurs with high risk behaviors in the different communities. Aim of this study was to find out some of local customs in lifestyle that might be risk factors for transmitting this disease in order to design the educational programs and control it periodically in Chaharmahal VA Bakhtiari, Iran. This was a case-control study, carried out on patients with HB and the control group in Buldaji's district since October 2008 to March 2011. An expert person interviewed both these groups with a valid and reliable questionnaire. The data were gathered and analyzed by descriptive statistics; Chi-square and logistic regression.A total of 85 patients with HB were enrolled in the study. Four of wrong customs were considered as predicting risk factors for transmission of hepatitis B infection in two groups; history of making shallow incisions on the auricle or leg for healing a disease or exchanging their blood in childhood [P=0.000, OR=6.130, 95%CL: 2.648-14.192], tattooing [P=0.033, OR=1.391, 95%CL: 1.028-1.882], be born at home by an untrained midwife [P=0.005, OR=3.217, 95%CL: 1.425-7.263], receiving dental services by experimental dentists [P=0.034,OR=0.218, 95%CL: 0.053-0.893]. For development of health education materials' in our region, we focus not only on proper prevention of general risk factors of HBV transmission but also necessarily draw upon local social and cultural contexts which may spread this disease .We encourage the people to improve these customs or don't do it to control transmission of HB

The Survey Effectiveness of Active Method in Communicable Disease Surveillance

Background and purpose: Surveillance is a system of continuing health checks, is considered as a critical part of public health practice for planning and implantation of effective prevention and control interventions for communicable diseases in the region. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of an active method of data collection on the improvement of these diseases surveillance. Materials and Methods: This research was an interventional study that carried out from January 2011 to January 2013. We surveyed the number of reporting communicable diseases before and after this modification on collecting data in our region and compared them. We changed the method of data collection from passive to active by experts. The collected data analysis was performed by SPSS software using descriptive statistics and independent samples t-test. Results: A total of 763 physicians enrolled, of whom 327 were employed in the health centers non-affiliated to the university. In the centers non-affiliated to the university, the mean reporting from these centers were 12.0 ± 8.7 [95% confidence interval (CI): 11.1-13.0] after the intervention, compared with 2.8 ± 3.7 (95% CI: 2.4-3.2) before the intervention. The mean reporting from affiliated centers did not change considerably after the intervention (11.7 ± 16.1 vs. 12.1 ± 16.3). The mean reporting of both groups in 2012 was significantly different from that in 2011 (P < 0.001). But no difference was observed between mean reporting of two groups throughout 2012 (P = 0.998). Conclusion: We recommend the active method for collecting data of communicable disease, especially from the physicians in centers non-affiliated to the universit