Evaluation of the effectiveness of photovoltaic modules

The use of renewable energy sources is rapid now due to limited traditional fossil fuels. Solar energy is an interesting and perspective area of study in power sector because of its affordability and relative cheapness. Of course, the point is to collect the energy and convert it into electricity. Solar panels are created to make it possible. For the optimal choice of solar modules, it is necessary to know its efficiency. In the technical description of solar panels, the manufacturer indicates the parameters obtained in the laboratory. Often, technical description of panels, which is obtained in laboratory, do not correspond to the data when panels are operated in real conditions. The purpose of my master's thesis is to evaluate the efficiency of photovoltaic modules in real-life conditions. To accomplish the aim, I will conduct experiments with the Aiyima solar cells. In order to evaluate effectiveness of using solar panels for power supply in Siberia, I will make technical and economic models of power supply in the decentralized village of Pervopashensk in Tomsk region. It is important to distinguish these two terms: efficiency and effectiveness. Efficiency is a quantitative technical term denoting (in case of PV panels) relation between input and output power. Effectiveness is qualitative term denoting successful achievement of tasks.The use of renewable energy sources is rapid now due to limited traditional fossil fuels. Solar energy is an interesting and perspective area of study in power sector because of its affordability and relative cheapness. Of course, the point is to collect the energy and convert it into electricity. Solar panels are created to make it possible. For the optimal choice of solar modules, it is necessary to know its efficiency. In the technical description of solar panels, the manufacturer indicates the parameters obtained in the laboratory. Often, technical description of panels, which is obtained in laboratory, do not correspond to the data when panels are operated in real conditions. The purpose of my master's thesis is to evaluate the efficiency of photovoltaic modules in real-life conditions. To accomplish the aim, I will conduct experiments with the Aiyima solar cells. In order to evaluate effectiveness of using solar panels for power supply in Siberia, I will make technical and economic models of power supply in the decentralized village of Pervopashensk in Tomsk region. It is important to distinguish these two terms: efficiency and effectiveness. Efficiency is a quantitative technical term denoting (in case of PV panels) relation between input and output power. Effectiveness is qualitative term denoting successful achievement of tasks

Analysis of the process of internal audit in Ministry of defense of Ukraine

The article is of interest to specialists of internal audit, internal and financial control, and heads (commanders) of structural subdivisions of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine and the Armed Forces of Ukraine, military units, institutions and organizations in the systems, which directly organize internal control. The article substantiates the lack of preliminary coverage in the scientific works of the retrospective development of the system of internal audit and financial control. The scientific task of structuring existing information with the use of guidance documents and practical experience for the hierarchical construction of the transformation of approaches and views on the activities of structural units that monitored the effective management of state property and resources in the system of the Ministry of Defense and the Armed Forces of Ukraine was formulated. The article focuses on the delineation of internal control and internal audit. The necessity of implementation of internal control and its effectiveness is substantiated. The study analyzed the guidance documents that regulated the activities and the establishment of internal audit and internal control at the stages of its formation. The meeting covered the issues of transformation of financial control bodies in the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine and the Armed Forces of Ukraine, their main directions of activity and tasks were determined. Three stages of reforming financial and control bodies in the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine were identified, in which there were changes in approaches to the construction of the internal control and internal audit system. The article presents a retrospective analysis of the evolution of views on the purpose and objectives stated in the relevant provisions of the financial control bodies of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine during the period of Ukraine's independence from the standpoint of implementing the declared goals of Ukraine's integration into the international professional community. The introduction of internal audit as an independent activity is aimed at improvement of the control system, prevention of the facts of illegal, inefficient and inefficient use of budget funds, errors occurrence or other deficiencies in military units and budget institutions, improvement of internal control, and the adoption of sound management decisions in modern conditions

Methodical recommendations for conducting an audit of the financial institution of the manager of the lower level

The methodological recommendations highlighted in the article will be useful for auditors who carry out audits of financial and economic activity in the system of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine and other components of the security and defense sector. It is determined that the subject matter of the article is not sufficiently investigated, both from a practical and a theoretical point of view. The article presents a retrospective analysis of the activities of the second-level funds managers in the overall construction of funds managers in the system of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine and the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The main directions of activity of second level managers are determined. The article analyzes the legislative and regulatory acts regulating the second level manager at both the state and departmental levels. The analysis carried out in the article made it possible to highlight a number of key functions of the financial authority of the second-level funds manager. The article outlines nine areas for conducting an audit, the need for a second-tier administrator in a financial institution and identifies specific areas of verification. Also, the article deals with issues that are to be investigated when assessing the activity of a financial institution of the manager of lower-level funds, which, in its functions, is the organ of provision for subordinate military units, institutions (hereinafter - the manager of lower-level funds), depending on its functions and tasks they are executed. Taking into account the practical experience, the methodical recommendations for conducting a check on the activity of the financial institution of the manager of the lower level funds are presented, and the questions, which according to the authors, are subject to compulsory study, are presented. The substantiated conclusions concerning the necessity of determining a number of other (additional) areas of verification are formulated depending on the peculiarities of functioning of the other financial institution of the second level administrator and the mandatory inclusion in the audits of the overall indicator of the state of financial and economic activity of military units, institutions and organizations, which are in financial security

Coal Mining Industry of Russia: Problems and Prospects

The article deals with the problems of the coal industry of Russia and possible ways of development of the industry. The presence or absence of strategic minerals (such as coal), the presence or absence of the industrial complex, the presence or absence of highly skilled labor force, and so on., Determines the diversity of economic and social characteristics of each region. These significant differences in the levels of socio-economic development of the regions contribute to increasing social tension, leading to unpredictable migration phenomena, etc. The researchers put the problem in this regard an adequate evaluation of the socio-economic condition of the coal industry, identifying the causes of underdevelopment of some of them and the development of recommendations on equalization of the levels of development of regions. The authors acknowledge that the urgent tasks of any state is to maintain the country's territorial integrity, the prevention of social conflicts, all sorts of problems, to ensure a decent standard of living daily in Russia ,there is a huge regional differentiation of socio-economic indicators matters. The current state and development of the coal industry of the Russian Federation is determined by such factors as the amount of mineral reserves, the quality and conditions of coal mining, funds, scientific and technological progress, working conditions, economic factors. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n6s3p29

Longevity Studies of CSC Prototypes Operating with Ar+CO2_{2} Gas Mixture and Different Fractions of CF4_{4}

Studies of Cathode Strip Chamber longevity, comparing Ar+CO2 gas mixtures with fractions of 5%, 2%, and 0% CF4, were performed using several small cathode strip prototype chambers. In each trial, a localized source of radiation was used to irradiate up to an accumulated charge of about 300 mC/cm. Additionally, longevity of a uniformly irradiated prototype operating with 2% CF4 was studied at the CERN Gamma Irradiation Facility GIF++. Post-hoc analysis of the chamber electrodes using spectroscopy techniques was also done

Efficiency of Finding Muon Track Trigger Primitives in CMS Cathode Strip Chambers

In the CMS Experiment, muon detection in the forward direction is accomplished by cathode strip chambers~(CSC). These detectors identify muons, provide a fast muon trigger, and give a precise measurement of the muon trajectory. There are 468 six-plane CSCs in the system. The efficiency of finding muon trigger primitives (muon track segments) was studied using~36 CMS CSCs and cosmic ray muons during the Magnet Test and Cosmic Challenge~(MTCC) exercise conducted by the~CMS experiment in~2006. In contrast to earlier studies that used muon beams to illuminate a very small chamber area ($< \! 0.01$~m$^2$), results presented in this paper were obtained by many installed CSCs operating {\em in situ} over an area of $\approx \! 23$~m$^2$ as a part of the~CMS experiment. The efficiency of finding 2-dimensional trigger primitives within 6-layer chambers was found to be~$99.93 \pm 0.03\%$. These segments, found by the CSC electronics within $800$~ns after the passing of a muon through the chambers, are the input information for the Level-1 muon trigger and, also, are a necessary condition for chambers to be read out by the Data Acquisition System

Impacts of the Tropical Pacific/Indian Oceans on the Seasonal Cycle of the West African Monsoon

The current consensus is that drought has developed in the Sahel during the second half of the twentieth century as a result of remote effects of oceanic anomalies amplified by local land–atmosphere interactions. This paper focuses on the impacts of oceanic anomalies upon West African climate and specifically aims to identify those from SST anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Oceans during spring and summer seasons, when they were significant. Idealized sensitivity experiments are performed with four atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs). The prescribed SST patterns used in the AGCMs are based on the leading mode of covariability between SST anomalies over the Pacific/Indian Oceans and summer rainfall over West Africa. The results show that such oceanic anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Ocean lead to a northward shift of an anomalous dry belt from the Gulf of Guinea to the Sahel as the season advances. In the Sahel, the magnitude of rainfall anomalies is comparable to that obtained by other authors using SST anomalies confined to the proximity of the Atlantic Ocean. The mechanism connecting the Pacific/Indian SST anomalies with West African rainfall has a strong seasonal cycle. In spring (May and June), anomalous subsidence develops over both the Maritime Continent and the equatorial Atlantic in response to the enhanced equatorial heating. Precipitation increases over continental West Africa in association with stronger zonal convergence of moisture. In addition, precipitation decreases over the Gulf of Guinea. During the monsoon peak (July and August), the SST anomalies move westward over the equatorial Pacific and the two regions where subsidence occurred earlier in the seasons merge over West Africa. The monsoon weakens and rainfall decreases over the Sahel, especially in August.Peer reviewe

Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan Koperasi di Kabupaten Pelalawan

This paper describe development and financial performance of cooperative in District Pelalawan among 2007 - 2008. Studies on primary and secondary cooperative in 12 sub-districts. Method in this stady use performance measuring of productivity, efficiency, growth, liquidity, and solvability of cooperative. Productivity of cooperative in Pelalawan was highly but efficiency still low. Profit and income were highly, even liquidity of cooperative very high, and solvability was good

Severe early onset preeclampsia: short and long term clinical, psychosocial and biochemical aspects

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy specific disorder commonly defined as de novo hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks gestational age. It occurs in approximately 3-5% of pregnancies and it is still a major cause of both foetal and maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide1. As extensive research has not yet elucidated the aetiology of preeclampsia, there are no rational preventive or therapeutic interventions available. The only rational treatment is delivery, which benefits the mother but is not in the interest of the foetus, if remote from term. Early onset preeclampsia (<32 weeks’ gestational age) occurs in less than 1% of pregnancies. It is, however often associated with maternal morbidity as the risk of progression to severe maternal disease is inversely related with gestational age at onset2. Resulting prematurity is therefore the main cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity in patients with severe preeclampsia3. Although the discussion is ongoing, perinatal survival is suggested to be increased in patients with preterm preeclampsia by expectant, non-interventional management. This temporising treatment option to lengthen pregnancy includes the use of antihypertensive medication to control hypertension, magnesium sulphate to prevent eclampsia and corticosteroids to enhance foetal lung maturity4. With optimal maternal haemodynamic status and reassuring foetal condition this results on average in an extension of 2 weeks. Prolongation of these pregnancies is a great challenge for clinicians to balance between potential maternal risks on one the eve hand and possible foetal benefits on the other. Clinical controversies regarding prolongation of preterm preeclamptic pregnancies still exist – also taking into account that preeclampsia is the leading cause of maternal mortality in the Netherlands5 - a debate which is even more pronounced in very preterm pregnancies with questionable foetal viability6-9. Do maternal risks of prolongation of these very early pregnancies outweigh the chances of neonatal survival? Counselling of women with very early onset preeclampsia not only comprises of knowledge of the outcome of those particular pregnancies, but also knowledge of outcomes of future pregnancies of these women is of major clinical importance. This thesis opens with a review of the literature on identifiable risk factors of preeclampsia