Quarterly gonorrhoea diagnosis rate with regions grouped by Local Authority (LA), England: 2013.

<p>Regions are compared to the English average (12.6/100,000 people) as higher, similar or lower. Similar regions were denoted as those within 20% above or below the English average (12.6–15.1 and 10.1–12.6/100,000 people, respectively).</p

Characteristics of endemic areas and clusters for gonorrhoea, England: 2012 and 2013.

<p>Characteristics of endemic areas and clusters for gonorrhoea, England: 2012 and 2013.</p

Gonorrhoea endemic regions and outbreak clusters, England: 2012 & 2013.

<p>Brighton, London, Birmingham and Manchester were endemic for gonorrhoea by persistently arising in clusters every six months for two years. The London area is enlarged to the top right to better illustrate endemic areas and clusters. Circles denote 33 clusters across 21 aggregate regions (1,137 MSOAs). Numbers next to clusters correspond to region names listed in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0195178#pone.0195178.s006" target="_blank">S1 Table</a>. All outbreak clusters are interpreted as significant at <i>p</i><0.05. Age, gender, ethnicity, and IMD were included covariates.</p

Use of a primary care database to determine trends in genital chlamydia testing, diagnostic episodes and management in UK general practice, 1990-2004

OBJECTIVE: To determine the extent of testing, diagnostic episodes and management of genital Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection in UK primary care using a large primary care database. METHODS: The incidence of CT tests, diagnostic episodes, treatments and referrals was measured for all adult patients in the General Practice Research Database between 1990 and 2004. RESULTS: In those aged 12-64 years in 2004, rates of CT testing increased to reach 1439/100,000 person years (py) in women but only 74/100,000 py in men. Testing rates were highest among 20-24 year old women (5.5% tested in 2004) followed by 25 to 34 year old women (3.7% tested in 2004). 0.5% of registered 16 to 24 year old women were diagnosed with CT in 2004. Three-quarters of patients with a recorded CT diagnosis had had an appropriate prescription issued in 2004, a proportion which increased from 1990 along with a decrease in referrals to genitourinary medicine. In 2004, general practitioners treated 25.0% of all recorded CT diagnoses in females and 5.1% of those in males. CONCLUSIONS: Testing for and diagnostic episodes of CT in primary care have increased since 1990. Testing continues disproportionately to target women over 24. Extremely low testing rates of testing in men, together with high positivity, demonstrate a missed opportunity for CT diagnosis and contact tracing in general practice

Patients attending GUM clinics and diagnoses of gonorrhoea, England: 2012 to 2013.

<p>Patients attending GUM clinics and diagnoses of gonorrhoea, England: 2012 to 2013.</p

Additional file 1 of Influence of SARS-CoV-2 surveillance outputs produced by the UK health security agency (UKHSA) outbreak surveillance team on decision-making by local stakeholders

Supplementary Material

Additional file 2 of Influence of SARS-CoV-2 surveillance outputs produced by the UK health security agency (UKHSA) outbreak surveillance team on decision-making by local stakeholders

Supplementary Material

The implementation of chlamydia screening: a cross-sectional study in the south east of England

Background England's National Chlamydia Screening Programme (NCSP) provides opportunistic testing for under 25 year-olds in healthcare and non-healthcare settings. The authors aimed to explore relationships between coverage and positivity in relation to demographic characteristics or setting, in order to inform efficient and sustainable implementation of the NCSP. Methods The authors analysed mapped NCSP testing data from the South East region of England between April 2006 and March 2007 inclusive to population characteristics. Coverage was estimated by sex, demographic characteristics and service characteristics, and variation in positivity by setting and population group. Results Coverage in females was lower in the least deprived areas compared with the most deprived areas (OR 0.48; 95% CI 0.45 to 0.50). Testing rates were lower in 20 1324-year-olds compared with 15 1319-year-olds (OR 0.69; 95% CI 0.67 to 0.72 for females and OR 0.67; 95% CI 0.64 to 0.71 for males), but positivity was higher in older males. Females were tested most often in healthcare services, which also identified the most positives. The greatest proportions of male tests were in university (27%) and military (19%) settings which only identified a total of 11% and 13% of total male positives respectively. More chlamydia-positive males were identified through healthcare services despite fewer numbers of tests. Conclusions Testing of males focused on institutional settings where there is a low yield of positives, and limited capacity for expansion. By contrast, the testing of females, especially in urban environments, was mainly through established healthcare services. Future strategies should prioritise increasing male testing in healthcare settings

The implementation of chlamydia screening: a cross-sectional study in the south east of England

Background England's National Chlamydia Screening Programme (NCSP) provides opportunistic testing for under 25 year-olds in healthcare and non-healthcare settings. The authors aimed to explore relationships between coverage and positivity in relation to demographic characteristics or setting, in order to inform efficient and sustainable implementation of the NCSP. Methods The authors analysed mapped NCSP testing data from the South East region of England between April 2006 and March 2007 inclusive to population characteristics. Coverage was estimated by sex, demographic characteristics and service characteristics, and variation in positivity by setting and population group. Results Coverage in females was lower in the least deprived areas compared with the most deprived areas (OR 0.48; 95% CI 0.45 to 0.50). Testing rates were lower in 20 1324-year-olds compared with 15 1319-year-olds (OR 0.69; 95% CI 0.67 to 0.72 for females and OR 0.67; 95% CI 0.64 to 0.71 for males), but positivity was higher in older males. Females were tested most often in healthcare services, which also identified the most positives. The greatest proportions of male tests were in university (27%) and military (19%) settings which only identified a total of 11% and 13% of total male positives respectively. More chlamydia-positive males were identified through healthcare services despite fewer numbers of tests. Conclusions Testing of males focused on institutional settings where there is a low yield of positives, and limited capacity for expansion. By contrast, the testing of females, especially in urban environments, was mainly through established healthcare services. Future strategies should prioritise increasing male testing in healthcare settings

Additional file 1: of Acceptability and potential impact of delivering sexual health promotion information through social media and dating apps to MSM in England: a qualitative study

Sexual health information for men-who-have-sex-with-men (MSM) project interview topic guide. Semi-structured interview topic guide. (DOCX 33 kb