Programmable Threshold Logic Implementations in a Memristor Crossbar Array

In this study, we demonstrate the implementation of programmable threshold logics using a 32 × 32 memristor crossbar array. Thanks to forming-free characteristics obtained by the annealing process, its accurate programming characteristics are presented by a 256-level grayscale image. By simultaneous subtraction between weighted sum and threshold values with a differential pair in an opposite way, 3-input and 4-input Boolean logics are implemented in the crossbar without additional reference bias. Also, we verify a full-adder circuit and analyze its fidelity, depending on the device programming accuracy. Lastly, we successfully implement a 4-bit ripple carry adder in the crossbar and achieve reliable operations by read-based logic operations. Compared to stateful logic driven by device switching, a 4-bit ripple carry adder on a memristor crossbar array can perform more reliably in fewer steps thanks to its read-based parallel logic operation

Engineering Exciton Recombination Pathways in Bilayer WSe₂ for Bright Luminescence

Exciton–exciton annihilation (EEA) in counterdoped monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) can be suppressed by favorably changing the band structure with strain. The photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield (QY) monotonically approaches unity with strain at all generation rates. In contrast, here in bilayers (2L) of tungsten diselenide (WSe2) we observe a nonmonotonic change in EEA rate at high generation rates accompanied by a drastic enhancement in their PL QY at low generation rates. EEA is suppressed at both 0% and 1% strain, but activated at intermediate strains. We explain our observation through the indirect to direct transition in 2L WSe2 under uniaxial tensile strain. By strain and electrostatic counterdoping, we attain ∼50% PL QY at all generation rates in 2L WSe2, originally an indirect semiconductor. We demonstrate transient electroluminescence from 2L WSe2 with ∼1.5% internal quantum efficiency for a broad range of carrier densities by applying strain, which is ∼50 times higher than without strain. The present results elucidate the complete optoelectronic photophysics where indirect and direct excitons are simultaneously present and expedite exciton engineering in a TMDC multilayer beyond indirect–direct bandgap transition

Table_3_Lifestyle changes and risk of tuberculosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A nationwide cohort study.docx

We investigated the impacts of lifestyle changes, namely, smoking, alcohol intake, and exercise, on the development of tuberculosis (TB) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A retrospective population-based cohort study used data from the Korean National Health Insurance system database. We examined subjects diagnosed with T2DM and without previous history of TB between 2009 and 2012 who underwent two serial health examinations. The study participants were classified into each of the four groups based on changes in the patterns of smoking, alcohol intake, and exercise at the time of the second examination. The outcome of the study was newly diagnosed TB in patients with T2DM. Among 1,659,804 included subjects, TB was newly diagnosed with 10,288 subjects. Both consistent smokers (HR 1.406; 95% CI 1.333–1.483) and new smokers (HR 1.185; 95% CI 1.063–1.320) had a higher TB risk than smoking quitters (HR 1.107; 95% CI 1.009–1.216) and never smokers. Both consistent heavy drinkers (HR 1.281; 95% CI 1.172–1.399) and heavy drinking quitters (HR 1.247; 95% CI 1.147–1.356) had a higher TB risk than new heavy drinkers and never drinkers. With respect to exercise, persistent non-exercisers (HR 1.309; 95% CI 1.72–1.399) and exercise quitters (HR 1.164; 95% CI 1.066–1.271) had a higher TB risk than new exercisers. In the subgroup analysis, a significant interaction was observed between lifestyle changes and age. We found that lifestyle changes were associated with development of TB in patients with T2DM. These results suggest that lifestyle management could be a valuable strategy for control of TB in Korea.</p

Table_1_Lifestyle changes and risk of tuberculosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A nationwide cohort study.docx

We investigated the impacts of lifestyle changes, namely, smoking, alcohol intake, and exercise, on the development of tuberculosis (TB) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A retrospective population-based cohort study used data from the Korean National Health Insurance system database. We examined subjects diagnosed with T2DM and without previous history of TB between 2009 and 2012 who underwent two serial health examinations. The study participants were classified into each of the four groups based on changes in the patterns of smoking, alcohol intake, and exercise at the time of the second examination. The outcome of the study was newly diagnosed TB in patients with T2DM. Among 1,659,804 included subjects, TB was newly diagnosed with 10,288 subjects. Both consistent smokers (HR 1.406; 95% CI 1.333–1.483) and new smokers (HR 1.185; 95% CI 1.063–1.320) had a higher TB risk than smoking quitters (HR 1.107; 95% CI 1.009–1.216) and never smokers. Both consistent heavy drinkers (HR 1.281; 95% CI 1.172–1.399) and heavy drinking quitters (HR 1.247; 95% CI 1.147–1.356) had a higher TB risk than new heavy drinkers and never drinkers. With respect to exercise, persistent non-exercisers (HR 1.309; 95% CI 1.72–1.399) and exercise quitters (HR 1.164; 95% CI 1.066–1.271) had a higher TB risk than new exercisers. In the subgroup analysis, a significant interaction was observed between lifestyle changes and age. We found that lifestyle changes were associated with development of TB in patients with T2DM. These results suggest that lifestyle management could be a valuable strategy for control of TB in Korea.</p

Analog Synaptic Behavior of a Silicon Nitride Memristor

In this paper, we present a synapse function using analog resistive-switching behaviors in a SiN_<i>x</i>-based memristor with a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor compatibility and expandability to three-dimensional crossbar array architecture. A progressive conductance change is attainable as a result of the gradual growth and dissolution of the conducting path, and the series resistance of the AlO<i>_y</i> layer in the Ni/SiN_<i>x</i>/AlO_<i>y</i>/TiN memristor device enhances analog switching performance by reducing current overshoot. A continuous and smooth gradual reset switching transition can be observed with a compliance current limit (>100 μA), and is highly suitable for demonstrating synaptic characteristics. Long-term potentiation and long-term depression are obtained by means of identical pulse responses. Moreover, symmetric and linear synaptic behaviors are significantly improved by optimizing pulse response conditions, which is verified by a neural network simulation. Finally, we display the spike-timing-dependent plasticity with the multipulse scheme. This work provides a possible way to mimic biological synapse function for energy-efficient neuromorphic systems by using a conventional passive SiN_<i>x</i> layer as an active dielectric

Table_2_Lifestyle changes and risk of tuberculosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A nationwide cohort study.docx

We investigated the impacts of lifestyle changes, namely, smoking, alcohol intake, and exercise, on the development of tuberculosis (TB) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A retrospective population-based cohort study used data from the Korean National Health Insurance system database. We examined subjects diagnosed with T2DM and without previous history of TB between 2009 and 2012 who underwent two serial health examinations. The study participants were classified into each of the four groups based on changes in the patterns of smoking, alcohol intake, and exercise at the time of the second examination. The outcome of the study was newly diagnosed TB in patients with T2DM. Among 1,659,804 included subjects, TB was newly diagnosed with 10,288 subjects. Both consistent smokers (HR 1.406; 95% CI 1.333–1.483) and new smokers (HR 1.185; 95% CI 1.063–1.320) had a higher TB risk than smoking quitters (HR 1.107; 95% CI 1.009–1.216) and never smokers. Both consistent heavy drinkers (HR 1.281; 95% CI 1.172–1.399) and heavy drinking quitters (HR 1.247; 95% CI 1.147–1.356) had a higher TB risk than new heavy drinkers and never drinkers. With respect to exercise, persistent non-exercisers (HR 1.309; 95% CI 1.72–1.399) and exercise quitters (HR 1.164; 95% CI 1.066–1.271) had a higher TB risk than new exercisers. In the subgroup analysis, a significant interaction was observed between lifestyle changes and age. We found that lifestyle changes were associated with development of TB in patients with T2DM. These results suggest that lifestyle management could be a valuable strategy for control of TB in Korea.</p

Additional file 1 of Sex-specific disparities in disease activity scores among patients with axial spondyloarthritis and their implications for evaluating the response to tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitor therapy

Supplementary Material

PCNA-Dependent Cleavage and Degradation of SDE2 Regulates Response to Replication Stress

<div><p>Maintaining genomic integrity during DNA replication is essential for cellular survival and for preventing tumorigenesis. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) functions as a processivity factor for DNA replication, and posttranslational modification of PCNA plays a key role in coordinating DNA repair against replication-blocking lesions by providing a platform to recruit factors required for DNA repair and cell cycle control. Here, we identify human SDE2 as a new genome surveillance factor regulated by PCNA interaction. SDE2 contains an N-terminal ubiquitin-like (UBL) fold, which is cleaved at a diglycine motif via a PCNA-interacting peptide (PIP) box and deubiquitinating enzyme activity. The cleaved SDE2 is required for negatively regulating ultraviolet damage-inducible PCNA monoubiquitination and counteracting replication stress. The cleaved SDE2 products need to be degraded by the CRL4^CDT2 ubiquitin E3 ligase in a cell cycle- and DNA damage-dependent manner, and failure to degrade SDE2 impairs S phase progression and cellular survival. Collectively, this study uncovers a new role for CRL4^CDT2 in protecting genomic integrity against replication stress via regulated proteolysis of PCNA-associated SDE2 and provides insights into how an integrated UBL domain within linear polypeptide sequence controls protein stability and function.</p></div

SDE2 is cleaved at a conserved diglycine motif to release an N-terminal UBL.

(A) HeLa cells transfected with N-terminal GFP-tagged SDE2 cDNA were analyzed by Western blotting. (B) A schematic showing a diglycine motif (red box) that resembles the C-terminus of ubiquitin. (C) A model structure of the SDE2-UBL predicted by Phyre2, superimposed with ubiquitin (PDB: 1D3Z) on the right. (D) Structure-based sequence alignment of the SDE2-UBL and ubiquitin generated by ESPript. (E) Confirmation of SDE2 cleavage. HeLa cells transfected with the indicated GFP-tagged plasmids were analyzed by Western blotting. (F) Cleavage of HA-SDE2-Flag visualized by anti-HA and anti-Flag Western blotting from duplicated HeLa cell lysates.</p