Prosjektet «Råte i granskog – utbredelse og konsekvenser for valg av omløpstid». Sluttrapport

Denne rapporten sammenstiller hovedresultater fra prosjektet «Råte i granskog – utbredelse og konsekvenser for valg av omløpstid». Det er gjennom prosjektet utviklet en prediksjonsmodell for råte i enkelttrær med utgangspunkt i forklaringsvariabler som beskriver egenskaper ved det enkelte tre, samt egenskaper ved bestandet, voksestedet og temperatursummen i vekstsesongen. Datamaterialet som ble brukt til å utvikle modellen omfatter nærmere 18 000 borprøver fra Landsskogtakseringen, innsamlet i perioden 1986-2004 i fylkene på Østlandet, Sørlandet og Midt-Norge samt Nordland. Den totale råtefrekvensen i hele datamaterialet som ble anvendt for å lage modellen var på 9,5 prosent. Dette er noe høyere enn den gjennomsnittlige råtefrekvensen på 7,9 prosent som ble funnet av Huse (1983), i en undersøkelse av borprøver fra Landsskogtakseringen 1964-1976. Vi kan imidlertid ikke ut fra dette konkludere entydig at råtefrekvensen i norsk skog er økende. Dette blant annet med utgangspunkt i at det i datamaterialet fra perioden 1986-2004 ser ut til å heller være en viss fallende tendens over tid, når en sammenligner råtefrekvensen fra borprøver innsamlet i henholdsvis første og siste del av denne perioden innen samme regioner. Den utviklede modellen er anvendt på enkelttredata fra Landsskogtakseringens 10. takstomdrev (2010-2014) for å estimere omfanget av råte gitt dagens skogtilstand, og for vurderinger av prioritering av bestand for avvirkning. Modellkjøringen gir en estimert råtefrekvens i dagens hogstklasse 5 på 16,8 prosent, økende til 26,4 prosent etter korrigering for underestimering av total råte ved boring i brysthøyde. Ved å gruppere datamaterialet på bonitetsklasser og aldersklasser (omregnet relativt til hogstmodenhetsalder) framgår at boniteten isolert sett er en lite egnet indikator for valg av hogstalder i gran, når sannsynligheten for råte legges til grunn ved prioriteringen mellom bestand. Ved samme alder relativt til hogstmodenhetsalder (her: nedre aldersgrense for hogstklasse 5), får vi imidlertid som resultat en klart høyere råterisiko for skog på vegetasjonstypene lågurtskog og kalklågurtskog, sammenlignet med øvrige vegetasjonstyper. Som en del av prosjektet har vi også sammenstilt råtedatene fra landsskogflatene i Nord- Trøndelag og de deler av Sør-Trøndelag som ligger på Fosenhalvøya, og analysert råtefrekvensen opp mot konsentrasjoner av grunnstoffer som er ekstrahert fra sand og grus fra mellomstore bekker i regionen. Dataene ble samlet inn i perioden 1983-1985 i forbindelse med Norges geologiske undersøkelse (NGU) sitt Nord-Trøndelagsprogram (Sæter 1987). Konsentrasjoner målt i sedimentprøvene ble aggregert til vassdragsnivå og korrelert mot faktisk (observert) råtefrekvens og mot den uforklarte restvariasjonen i råtefrekvens predikert med modellen (residualanalyse). Et fellestrekk for de korrelasjonene som var signifikante på minst 10%-nivå, er at de fleste var negative (økt konsentrasjon = redusert råte). Blant disse elementene tilhører de fleste (Fe, Ti, Cu, Co og Zr) kategorien transisjonsmetaller i periodesystemet, mens Mg er et jordalkalimetall. Kun P, som er et ikke-metall, var signifikant positivt korrelert med råte

Pre-recruit studies of the North-East Arctic Greenland halibut stock

Abundance indices of 0-group Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) from the international 0-group surveys in the Barents Sea showed a sudden decrease from 1987 to 1988 to a low level which has remained for the last 5-6 years. The strength of these weak yearclasses has been confirmed in later youngfish surveys, and this has caused strong regulations of the fishery at a time when the fishery itself was good. The drop in recruitment is discussed and related to a reduction of the spawning stock

Fiskeriundersøkelser ved Bjørnøya, Spitsbergen og i Barentshavet 1. - 27. juni 1971

Distribution and abundance of the commercial important species in the investigated area were observed. Special attention was paid to the prerecruits of cod, haddock and redfish. Polar cod and capelin were also studied. The acoustic instruments were continuously used. Trawling with bottom and pelagic trawls was carried out for fish sampling and identification of echo recordings. A low abundance of the 1970 year-class of cod was observed and the abundance was lower than that observed for the 1969 year-class. These findings disagree with observations made during the International 0-group fish surveys in August—September 1969 and 1970 and during a Norwegian survey in November 1970. Three factors are considered responsible for these unexpected observations. I: A part of the 1970 year-class might in June 1971 have been living together with capelin in the upper 100 to 150 m, and the abundance might therefore have been underestimated. 2: Some part of the year-class might during the autumn and early winter 1970 — 1971 have been transported outside the investigated area. 3: The abundance of the year-class might during the winter 1970—1971 have been reduced by an unusual high natural mortality. Prerecruits of cod and haddock and the youngest prerecruits of redfish were in June recorded both near the bottom and pelagic. It could not be classified if this distribution reflects a vertical diurnal migration, but this type of migrations is established during late autumn and late winter for prerecruits. June might therefore not be a very suitable time to observe the abundance of prerecruits

The non-returning of fish tags recovered by Norwegian fishermen

In addition to 5 N.Kr. reward for each returned cod, coalfish, haddock, halibut and catfish tag, Fiskeridirektoratets Havforskningsinstitutt introduced in 1959 an annual drawing of 1000, 500 and 250 N.Kr. for tags, Norwegian and foreign, returned by Norwegian fishermen. The extra reward system was in use during 1959-1961. After the extra rewards were introduced, the reporting rate of tags returned the same year as recovered and one or more years afterwards has increased. The non-returning rate of tags recovered by Norwegian fishermen in 1947-1957 was estimated to be at least 4-6 percent and the indication from the calculations is that the non-returning rate is decreasing with the continuous advertising and with people in the fishing ports to receive the recovered tags

Status of the MINOS experiment

I will present the status of the long baseline neutrino oscillation experiment MINOS at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab). I will summarize the status of the detector and beam construction, the expected event rates and sensitivity to physics. I will also comment on possible future plans to improve the performance of the experiment.Comment: Invited talk at the Seventh International Workshop on Tau Lepton Physics (TAU02), Santa Cruz, Ca, USA, Sept 2002, 7 pages, 6 figures, LaTeX Higher res figures at http://minos.phy.bnl.gov/~diwan/tau02_th08.p

THE IMPACT OF A CHARACTER EDUCATION BASED INTERACTIVE DISCIPLINE PROGRAM ON AT-RISK STUDENT BEHAVIOR IN AN ALTERNATIVE SCHOOL

Student problem behavior is incompatible with academic achievement and positive interpersonal relationships. It has become necessary for schools to develop codes of conduct to address inappropriate student behavior. But, current school disciplinary policies are ineffective instruments for effecting positive change in student problem behavior (Goodman, 2006). In response to this problem, public school districts are developing a wide variety of approaches to dealing with the needs of problem behavior students. One approach has been the development of alternative high school programs - school district initiatives specifically designed to meet the needs of students lacking success in the traditional high school setting. This study explores the impact of a character education based interactive discipline program on student problem behavior of at-risk students in an alternative high school setting. Participants in this study included 97 students (37 female, 60 male) during the first school year of the study (2004 ? 2005) and 90 students (34 female, 56 male) during the second (2005 ? 2006) from a large suburban school district. Ninety-three percent of the students were Caucasian, 3% were African American and 3% were Hispanic. Forty-nine students (19 female, 30 male) were enrolled in the school during both years of the study. The data revealed that there was no statistically significant difference between the use of a traditional approach to discipline and the use of a character education based interactive discipline program in reducing recidivism for students who participated in the study over one year (t = -.059, df = 83, p = .504) or over two years (t = -1.309, df = 36, p = .09). The data also revealed there was no statistically significant difference between the two discipline approaches in raising student GPAs over one year (t = -1.225, df = 80, p = .112) or over two years (t = -1.794, df = 38, p = .945). Similarly, the data revealed that there was no statistically significant correlation between change in GPA and recidivism over one year (R = -0.18, p = .215) or over two years (R = -0.23, p = .314)