Comprehensive ranking of reference genes calculated using NormFinder, BestKeeper, geNorm, and RefFinder in different body parts under different pesticide treatment conditions.

Comprehensive ranking of reference genes calculated using NormFinder, BestKeeper, geNorm, and RefFinder in different body parts under different pesticide treatment conditions.</p

C_q distributions of the five candidate reference genes.

Box plots of Cq values for the five reference genes were compared from five body parts from honey bees exposed to seven pesticides (A-E), and the integration of all samples (F). The horizontal lines in the box indicate the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentile values. The dotted lines in the box show the mean median. The error bars denote the maximum and minimum values.</p

Ranking and standard deviation of reference genes calculated using BestKeeper in different body parts treated with seven pesticides.

(DOCX)</p

Comparison of target gene expression in honey bee head exposed to pesticides.

Expression levels of AChE1 (A), CYP9Q1 (B), CYP9Q2 (C), CYP9Q3 (D), CAT (E), and SOD1 (F) were normalized with the combination of RAD1a and RPS18 in the head body part from honey bees treated with seven different pesticides. The difference of expression between the control and pesticide-treated sample were statistically compared with the independent samples T-test with Tukey’s comparison analysis, and significant differences were measured with *(p p p (TIF)</p

Optimal number of reference genes for target gene normalization determined by geNorm pairwise variation analysis.

Pairwise variation values (Vn/Vn+1) were calculated from the five body parts of honey bees treated with seven pesticides (A-E), and integration of all samples (F). The dotted lines indicate the cutoff value for the suggestion of an optimal number of reference genes.</p

Ranking and average expression stability M of reference genes calculated using geNorm in different body parts treated with seven pesticides.

(DOCX)</p

The expression stability values of the five candidate reference genes analyzed by four programs.

The Cq values integrated from all five body parts of honey bees exposed to seven pesticides were used for the analysis with NormFinder (A), BestKeeper (B), geNorm (C), and RefFinder (D). The dotted line indicates the cutoff values for the appropriate reference gene selection.</p

Ranking and geomean of the ranking value of reference genes calculated using RefFinder in different body parts treated with seven pesticides.

(DOCX)</p

Ranking and stability values of reference genes were calculated using NormFinder in different body parts treated with seven pesticides.

(DOCX)</p

Comparison of target gene expression in honey bee gut exposed to pesticides.

Expression levels of AChE1 (A), CYP9Q1 (B), CYP9Q2 (C), CYP9Q3 (D), CAT (E), and SOD1 (F) were normalized with the combination of RAD1a and RPS18 in the gut body part of honey bees treated with seven different pesticides. The difference of expression between the control and pesticide-treated sample were statistically compared with the independent samples T-test with Tukey’s comparison analysis, and significant differences were measured with *(p p p (TIF)</p