Zeolite-Templated Mesoporous Silicon Particles for Advanced Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes

For the practical use of high-capacity silicon anodes in high-energy lithium-based batteries, key issues arising from the large volume change of silicon during cycling must be addressed by the facile structural design of silicon. Herein, we discuss the zeolite-templated magnesiothermic reduction synthesis of mesoporous silicon (mpSi) (mpSi-Y, -B, and -Z derived from commercial zeolite Y, Beta, and ZSM-5, respectively) microparticles having large pore volume (0.4–0.5 cm³/g), wide open pore size (19–31 nm), and small primary silicon particles (20–35 nm). With these appealing mpSi particle structural features, a series of mpSi/C composites exhibit outstanding performance including excellent cycling stabilities for 500 cycles, high specific and volumetric capacities (1100–1700 mAh g^–1 and 640–1000 mAh cm^–3 at 100 mA g^–1), high Coulombic efficiencies (approximately 100%), and remarkable rate capabilities, whereas conventional silicon nanoparticles (SiNP)/C demonstrate limited cycle life. These enhanced electrochemical responses of mpSi/C composites are further manifested by low impedance build-up, high Li ion diffusion rate, and small electrode thickness changes after cycling compared with those of SiNP/C composite. In addition to the outstanding electrochemical properties, the low-cost materials and high-yield processing make the mpSi/C composites attractive candidates for high-performance and high-energy Li-ion battery anodes

Study flow chart of patient inclusions and exclusions.

ICU, intensive care unit; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit.</p

Distribution of physical/occupational therapy according to age in Korean intensive care units.

ICU, intensive care unit. Overall p for trend < 0.01.</p

Claim codes for treatments or procedures.

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Characteristics of ICU patients according to PT/OT-provided rehabilitation in Korea, January 2013 to July 2019.

Characteristics of ICU patients according to PT/OT-provided rehabilitation in Korea, January 2013 to July 2019.</p

Odds ratio (95% CI) for PT/OT-provided rehabilitation of critically ill children in intensive care units in Korea, 2013 to 2019.

Odds ratio (95% CI) for PT/OT-provided rehabilitation of critically ill children in intensive care units in Korea, 2013 to 2019.</p

Required procedures and hospital outcomes of ICU patients according to PT/OT-provided rehabilitation in Korea, January 2013 to July 2019.

Required procedures and hospital outcomes of ICU patients according to PT/OT-provided rehabilitation in Korea, January 2013 to July 2019.</p

Trends in physical therapy/occupational therapy rehabilitation provided to critically ill children in Korean intensive care units over a 5-year period.

ICU, intensive care unit. Overall p for trend < 0.01.</p

Clinical outcomes in the clinically suspected vasospastic angina patients according to intensity of statin.

Clinical outcomes in the clinically suspected vasospastic angina patients according to intensity of statin.</p

Kaplan-Meier curves of the composite of cardiac arrest and acute myocardial infarction.

(A) Statin versus non-statin (B) Among non-statin, non–high-dose statin, and high-dose statin.</p