Development of an Airflow Monitoring System for Air Handling Unit using IoT

This paper presents the development of an airflow monitoring system for air handling units using NodeMCU ESP32. The main purpose of this project is to improvise the use of microcontroller with on-par performance for industrial applications. This proposed system consists of two sensors that measure airflow from the air handling unit. The first sensor is an airflow speed, which measures the airflow speed from the air handling unit. The second sensor detects and indicates the temperature and humidity of the airflow. The testing parameters show very good correlations among variables, indicating the efficiency of the system to monitor the airflow. Keywords: Airflow, IoT, Temperature, Humidity, Air Handling Unit eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2022. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by E-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC  BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under the responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behavior Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioral Researchers on Asians), and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behavior Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia

Significant effect of concentration ratio in synthesizing titania nanoflowers (TNF) powder via facile hydrothermal method

The significant effect of titanium butoxide and hydrochloric acid (TBut/HCl) concentration ratio in synthesizing titania nanoflowers (TNF) towards powder morphologies, crystallographic phases, surface area and band gap were investigated. Various synthesized titania nanostructure were prepared via facile hydrothermal method using titanium butoxide and hydrochloric acid as a mixing composition. The morphologies of synthesizing titania powder were analyzed by using FE-SEM to observe the shape and geometry of the synthesized powder. XRD was used to determine the crystallographic phases of synthesized powder at 2θ angles of 25° to 75°. Each sample was then investigated under BET analyzer to observe the particle surface area and UV-Vis analyzer to determine the band gap. The results demonstrated that the concentration of TBut/HCl ratio gave a very significant effect in transforming the mixing solution into geometrical shape of microspheres, nanoflowers and nanorods of titania as increasing the ratio. At TN0.5, the synthesized powder was clearly showing a circle geometrical shape of particles. The shape was suddenly changed into a round nanoflowers form consist of tiny nanorods at TN1. At TN1.5, the powder morphology shows the nanoflowers started to form in an irregular pattern. As the concentration ratio increased, the nanoflowers form disappeared and nanorods begin to clump. In addition, all synthesized powder was in rutile phases guided by XRD peaks and the band gap value reported from previous works. The particle surface area was also different for each sample since the geometrical shape of powder was changed by increasing the concentration (TBut/HCl) ratio. Thus, concentration ratio of the mixing composition plays a major role in transforming the overall morphologies and structures of hydrothermal synthesis titania particles

Methylene Blue Dye Wastewater Treatment Based On Tertiary Stage of Industrial Wastewater Treatment Process: A Review

Methylene blue (MB) is frequently used in the textile, rubber, plastics, leather, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. As a colouring and staining agent, MB is reported as one of the most studied dyes involving degradation and photocatalytic activity. Unfortunately, the discharge of waste from the mentioned industries contains residues of dyes, whereby the presence of a very low concentration of dyes can be highly visible. Discharging the waste without suitable treatment can cause many complications for the environment and human health. Due to that reason, the control of dye wastewater has become the most challenging task. Therefore, this review article will be focused on the MB treatment process, especially membrane filtration technology involving a pressure-driven membrane process, which is reported to be the most efficient method to treat MB dye wastewater

Fabrication of mixed matrix membrane containing chlorophyll extracted from spinach for humic acid removal

The implementation of the pore-forming agent in the polymeric membrane has been applied for ages in enhancing the characteristics and performance of mixed matrix membrane. In this work, chlorophyll extracted from spinach has been used as an additional pore-forming agent alongside polyethylene glycol (PEG) to improve the polysulfone’s pore structure (PSf) mixed matrix membrane. The effect of chlorophyll was investigated in terms of characteristics and performance of the mixed matrix membrane. As a result, the cross-section morphologies show that the pore structure was enhanced significantly inside the mem�brane structure for 0.25 wt% chlorophyll concentration, thus resulted in better hydrophilicity, surface roughness, and membrane porosity value. Plus, the permeation and rejection performance was increased drastically due to the pore formation inside the mixed matrix membrane structure. These results prove that the addition of chlorophyll with low concentration managed to improve the characteristics and per�formance of the fabricated mixed matrix membrane

In-situ sterilization of microalgae photobioreactor via ozone-rich macrobubbles

Aseptic technique plays a critical role in determining high volumes of microalgae biomass during the cultivation stage as the presence of a contaminant is one of the limiting factors. This study focuses on developing an energy-efficient method in sterilizing the 2 L microalgae photobioreactor. Initially, the seawater bacterial contaminant was successfully screened, isolated and identified as Kurthia gibsonii. The photobioreactor sterilization using ozonolysis was optimized using one factor at a time (OFAT), with 3 parameters studied: ozone aeration rate (0.5 L/min, 1.0 L/min and 1.5 L/min), bacterial culture volume (1.0 L, 1.5 L, and 2.0 L) and ozonation time (maximum of 180 minutes with 30-minute intervals). The ozonation technique at optimum condition reduced the contaminants up to 7 log reductions. The initial cells concentration in 1 L culture containing 6.73×107 cells/ml was reduced to 7 cells/ml after being ozonated for 180 min. The morphology study of the bacteria before and after ozonation (at 1000X magnification) confirmed that ozonation shattered the cells into small pieces. This study reveals the possibility of replacing energy-intensive sterilization techniques such as the autoclave method with ozonolysis. Ozonation method is more energy efficient, with a total 1.26 kW energy used during the sterilization process as compared to autoclaved method with 3.565 kWh. The study proves that the ozonation method is energy efficient, cheaper and easily applied to a larger industrial scale as well

Hydrogen Peroxide Treated Desiccated Coconut Waste as a Biosorbent in Malachite Green Removal from Aqueous Solutions

Malachite green (MG), commonly employed in the textile and dyeing sectors, is a prevalent and enduring contaminant found in wastewater and the environment. Its presence poses harmful effects to humans and aquatic organisms. This work utilised hydrogen peroxide-treated desiccated coconut waste (HPDCW) to remove MG from an aqueous solution. The HPDCW underwent characterisation utilising FTIR, SEM-EDX, pHslurry, and pHpzc. Based on the results obtained, it was found that HPDCW recorded a biosorption capacity of 211.88 mg/g, attained at a temperature of 302 K, a pH of 9, a contact period of 5 min, and a dosage of 0.02 g. MG biosorption rates accurately followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, while the equilibrium data presented a step-shaped isotherm model. The relatively small percentages of MG desorption observed when using distilled water and HCl (0.01 and 0.02 M) indicate that electrostatic interaction is one of the mechanisms responsible for the interaction between MG and HPDCW. There is also a possibility of the involvement of hydrogen bonding and π-π interactions

PSO fine-tuned model-free PID controller with derivative filter for depth control of hovering autonomous underwater vehicle

The tuning of PID controller by classical technique is a monotonous job and may results in inaccurate system response. This paper proposes investigations into the development of a model-free PID controller with derivative filter (PIDF) parameter tuning method by using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) for depth control of Hovering Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (HAUV). PIDF controller is developed to control the speed of th1usters where 4 PIDF parameters are fine-tuned using PSO algorithms and Sum Absolute Error (SAE) and Sum Square En·or (SSE) are chosen as it fitness functions. In order to confirm the design of control scheme, one degree of freedom nonlinear equation of the HAUV system in heave direction is considered. Supremacy of the proposed approach is shown by comparing the results with PID Tuner in Simulink/MATLAB. The performances of the control schemes are accessed in terms of time response specifications of depth tracking capability with the absences of added mass, hydrodynamic drag force, buoyancy force, model nonlinearities, and external disturbances on the HAUV system. Finally, it is seen from the simulation results that the proposed control technique guarantees a fast depth tracking capability

Polymer mixed membrane with microflower TiO2 as additive for photocatalyst in organic compound

This study investigate the performance and physical properties of polymer mixed membrane integrated with the microflower of titanium dioxide (TiO2) that synthesized at different temperature value. Microflower TiO2 has been prepared by hydrothermal method with variation of synthesized temperature at 120 �C, 150 �C and 180 �C and the polymer flat sheet membranes were fabricated via phase inversion technique. In this present work, TiO2 was used as photocatalytic, antifouling and hydrophilicity improve�ment. Synthesized microflower TiO2 via hydrothermal method offer higher surface area that able to speed up any chemical reaction of TiO2. Prior to the fabrication of polymer mixed matric membrane, the char�acterization of TiO2 have been conducted to determine the optimum synthesize temperature. Then this was followed by the measurement of properties and performance of the polymer mixed matric mem�brane. Further observation on the self-cleaning test at different concentration of TiO2 wt (%) of the mem�branes were conducted. The results obtained showed that membrane at temperature of 150 �C with 2.5% of TiO2 wt (%) shows a better result than others with the highest rejection rate of 99.43% that probably due to small finger like structure. Meanwhile for self- cleaning test, membrane with synthesized temper�ature of 150 �C showed a better result than others with the highest of retention rate before and after being exposed to UV light which were 99.42% and 98.66% respectively. Humic acid flux recovery ratio (FRR) showed a better performance for membrane at synthesized temperature of 120 �C that may relate to the effect of higher surface area that TiO2 that able to attract more water. As conclusion, PSf/TiO2 membrane at synthesized temperature of 150 �C with 2.5% of TiO2 wt (%) shows an excellent result that possessed a strong hydrophilic property by lowering the fouling effect and give higher retention value. � 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserve

Reinforced lignin-phenol-glyoxal (LPG) wood adhesives from coconut husk

International audienc