Isolation, purification, and biological activities of polysaccharides from <i>Amorpha fruticosa</i> flowers

The extraction, isolation, structural characterisation and biological activities of polysaccharides from Amorpha fruticosa flowers were investigated. First, the crude polysaccharide AFP was extracted, and two major purified polysaccharide fractions AFP-2 and AFP-3 were isolated. The molecular weight and monosaccharide compositions of AFP-2 and AFP-3 were determined. Then the antioxidant activities of AFP, AFP-2 and AFP-3 were assessed by DPPH radical, β-Carotene bleaching and hydroxyl radical assays. All three tested polysaccharides showed good antioxidant activity while AFP was the strongest one. The study also showed that AFP, AFP-2 and AFP-3 have good tyrosinase inhibition, moisture absorption and retention activities. The results will provide a helpful reference for the application of polysaccharide from Amorpha fruticosa flowers as a natural cosmetic ingredient.</p

Additional file 5: Table S3.

Co-expression analysis of ARF genes. (XLSX 74 kb

Additional file 3: Figure S2.

Amino acid sequence alignments of 14 conserved motifs. (TIF 219 kb

Additional file 1: Table S1. of Identification of AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR gene family from Prunus sibirica and its expression analysis during mesocarp and kernel development

Primer sequences used for real-time PCR. (DOCX 19 kb

Additional file 4: Table S2.

Components analysis in the amino acid of middle regions of 14 PsARF proteins. (XLSX 14 kb

Additional file 6: Table S4.

Function and GO annotation of co-expression genes correlated with ARFs. + means the correlation of co-expressed genes with corresponding ARF, and – means no correlation of co-expressed genes with corresponding ARF. (XLSX 198 kb

Additional file 1: Table S1. of Clinico-pathological characteristics and outcomes of patients with biopsy-proven hypertensive nephrosclerosis: a retrospective cohort study

Correlations between pathology variables. (DOC 45 kb

Cadmium-Induced Hydrogen Sulfide Synthesis Is Involved in Cadmium Tolerance in <i>Medicago sativa</i> by Reestablishment of Reduced (Homo)glutathione and Reactive Oxygen Species Homeostases

<div><p>Until now, physiological mechanisms and downstream targets responsible for the cadmium (Cd) tolerance mediated by endogenous hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) have been elusive. To address this gap, a combination of pharmacological, histochemical, biochemical and molecular approaches was applied. The perturbation of reduced (homo)glutathione homeostasis and increased H₂S production as well as the activation of two H₂S-synthetic enzymes activities, including _L-cysteine desulfhydrase (LCD) and _D-cysteine desulfhydrase (DCD), in alfalfa seedling roots were early responses to the exposure of Cd. The application of H₂S donor sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), not only mimicked intracellular H₂S production triggered by Cd, but also alleviated Cd toxicity in a H₂S-dependent fashion. By contrast, the inhibition of H₂S production caused by the application of its synthetic inhibitor blocked NaHS-induced Cd tolerance, and destroyed reduced (homo)glutathione and reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostases. Above mentioned inhibitory responses were further rescued by exogenously applied glutathione (GSH). Meanwhile, NaHS responses were sensitive to a (homo)glutathione synthetic inhibitor, but reversed by the cotreatment with GSH. The possible involvement of cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling in NaHS responses was also suggested. In summary, LCD/DCD-mediated H₂S might be an important signaling molecule in the enhancement of Cd toxicity in alfalfa seedlings mainly by governing reduced (homo)glutathione and ROS homeostases.</p></div

NaHS, GSH and BSO pretreatments differentially regulated seedling growth, TBARS accumulation, (h)GSH content, and (h)GSH/(h)GSSG(h).

<p>Fresh weight of 10 roots (A), TBARS accumulation (B), (h)GSH contents (C), and (h)GSH/(h)GSSG(h) ratio (D) in root tissues were determined after seedlings were pretreated with or without 100 µM NaHS, 1 mM GSH, 1 mM BSO, individual or combination for 6 h, and then exposed to 200 µM CdCl₂ for 72 h (A), 24 h (B) and 12 h (C and D). Values are means ± SD of three independent experiments with three replicates for each. Bars denoted by the same letter did not differ significantly at <i>P</i><0.05 according to Duncan's multiple range test.</p

NaHS, PAG and GSH pretreatments differentially regulated seedling growth, (h)GSH content, and (h)GSH/(h)GSSG(h) ratio.

<p>Corresponding phenotypes were photographed after 200 µM CdCl₂ treatment for 72 h, with or without 100 µM NaHS, 2 mM PAG, 1 mM GSH, individual or combination pretreatments for 6 h (A). Scale bar, 2 cm. Contents of (h)GSH (B), and the ratio of (h)GSH/(h)GSSG(h) (C) in root tissues were also analyzed after 200 µM CdCl₂ treatment for 12 h, with or without 100 µM NaHS, 2 mM PAG, 1 mM GSH, individual or combination pretreatment for 6 h. Values are means ± SD of three independent experiments with three replicates for each. Bars denoted by the same letter did not differ significantly at <i>P</i><0.05 according to Duncan's multiple range test.</p