3 research outputs found
Table_1_Emergence of mcr-1-Harboring Salmonella enterica Serovar Sinstorf Type ST155 Isolated From Patients With Diarrhea in Jiangsu, China.DOCX
Background: This study analyzed the antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and mechanisms of quinolone, cephalosporins, and colistin resistance in nontyphoidal Salmonella from patients with diarrhea in Jiangsu, China.Methods: A total of 741 nontyphoidal Salmonella isolates were collected from hospitals in major cities of Jiangsu Province, China between 2016 and 2017. Their susceptibility to commonly used antibiotics was evaluated by broth micro-dilution and sequencing analysis of resistance genes screened by a PCR method. For mcr-1 positive isolates, genetic relationship study was carried out by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multiloci sequence typing analysis. The transferability of these plasmids was measured with conjugation experiments and the genetic locations of mcr-1 were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles of S1-digested genomic DNA and subsequent Southern blot hybridization.Results: Among 741 nontyphoidal Salmonella isolates, the most common serotypes identified were S. Typhimurium (n=257, 34.7%) and S. Enteritidis (n=127, 17.1%), and the isolates showed 21.7, 20.6, and 5.0% resistance to cephalosporins, ciprofloxacin, and colistin, respectively. Among the 335 nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella, 213 (63.6%) and 45 (13.4%) had at least one mutation in gyrA and parC. Among the plasmid-borne resistance, qnrS1 (85; 41.9%) and aac(6')-Ib-cr4 (75; 36.9%) were the most common quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes, while blaCTX-M-14 (n=35) and blaCTX-M-55 (n=46) were found to be dominant extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes in nontyphoidal Salmonella. In addition, eight mcr-1-harboring strains were detected since 2016 and they were predominate in children under the age of 7years. Conjugation assays showed the donor Salmonella strain has functional and transferable colistin resistance and Southern blot hybridization revealed that mcr-1 was located in a high molecular weight plasmid.Conclusion: In nontyphoidal Salmonella, there is a rapidly increasing trend of colistin resistance and this is the first report of patients harboring mcr-1-positive Salmonella with a new ST type ST155 and new serotype S. Sinstorf. These findings demonstrate the necessity for cautious use and the continuous monitoring of colistin in clinical applications.</p
DataSheet_1_Comprehensive quality evaluation of different types of Gardeniae Fructus (Zhizi) and Shuizhizi based on LC-MS/MS.zip
Gardeniae Fructus (Zhizi) serves as both a medicinal and edible substance and finds widespread use in various industries. There are often two kinds of medicinal materials in the market: Zhizi and Shuizhizi. Typically, Zhizi with small, round fruit is used for medicinal purposes, while Shuizhizi, characterized by large, elongated fruit, is employed for dyeing. Market surveys have revealed a diverse range of Zhizi types, and modern research indicates that Shuizhizi contains rich chemical components and pharmacological activities. In this study, we collected 25 batches of Zhizi and Shuizhizi samples, categorizing them based on appearance into obovate and round fruits, with seven length grades (A–G). Using the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS) method, we simultaneously quantified 13 main chemical components in fruits of Gardenia species. In addition, we compared the weight percentage of the pericarp, flesh, and seeds parts of samples with different traits, and quantified 13 chemical components in different parts. Results indicated that, aside from a few instances of overlapping fruit size ranges, Shuizhizi generally exhibits larger and longer dimensions than Zhizi. The weight proportion of the Shuizhizi pericarp is often higher than that of the Zhizi pericarp. Quantitative results highlighted significant differences in the chemical component content between Zhizi and Shuizhizi, with Shuizhizi generally containing higher levels of iridoids. The PCA and OPLS-DA analysis distinctly divided Shuizhizi and Zhizi, among which three iridoids, two organic acids, and one flavonoid made significant contributions to their classification. Cluster heatmap analysis also demonstrated complete separation between Zhizi and Shuizhizi, with clear distinctions among Zhizi samples from different origins. The distribution of the 13 chemical components in different Zhizi and Shuizhizi parts remained consistent, with iridoids and pigments concentrated in the seeds and flesh, and two organic acids and one flavonoid enriched in the pericarp. In summary, this study contributes valuable insights for classifying Zhizi and offers guidance on the rational use of Shuizhizi and the different parts of Zhizi.</p
Carbon Trading in China Reduces the Dependence of Household Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Recycling on Government Subsidies
China’s enterprises of waste electrical and electronic
equipment
(WEEE) recycling suffer from low profitability that is highly dependent
on government subsidies. This low economic gain impedes the sustainable
growth of China’s WEEE-recycling sector and also adds to the
government’s financial burden. Prior life-cycle studies have
approved the carbon reduction potentials or net carbon credit of recycling
WEEE. However, policymakers fail to know whether the revenue from
selling carbon credits can offset the government’s financial
subsidy. We performed life-cycle and cost-benefit analyses for a
case recycling enterprise that processes six categories of household
appliances. The results show that the reduction potentials of greenhouse
gases range from 930–3450 kgCO2e by recycling per
ton of household appliances and materials substitution. The recycling
enterprise would gain extra revenue ranging from 32 to 160 RMB per
ton of appliance if the carbon credits were sold at China’s
current carbon price, i.e., 45–60 RMB tCO2e–1. Recycling waste refrigerators exhibits the highest
carbon revenue, offsetting 6–17% of the government’s
financial subsidy. Microcomputers, by contrast, indicate the lowest
carbon revenue, equivalent to 1–3% of its highest government
subsidy. For each household appliance category, when the carbon price
reaches 270–600 RMB tCO2e–1, selling
carbon credits can fully offset the government’s financial
subsidy. Constrained by the processing capacity of the case enterprise,
optimizations for appliance-recycling composition contribute a 15–25%
profit growth to the current economic gains. Interpreting the specific
profit depends on the predefined scenarios of carbon price and the
substitution rate of the regenerated materials for the virginal ones.
Our findings show that raising the profitability of WEEE recycling
enterprises through the carbon trading policy contributes to the sustainable
growth of China’s WEEE-recycling sector while alleviating the
government’s financial burden