Problematika Penyelesaian Sengketa Kewenangan Lembaga Negara Oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi

According to Article 24C verse (1) of the 1945 Constitution, Constitutional court has an authority to examine the dispute among the state institution in which its authority is given by the constitution directly. But there is a certain problem in practice which is related to definition of “state institution” and “authorities are granted the Constitution” in the 1945 Constitution. This condition opens a debate the interpretation in executing the settlement on authority dispute among the institutions. In addition, should be considered the settlement of disputes the authority of institutions, whose authority derived from regulation other than the Constitution Menurut ketentuan Pasal 24C ayat (1) UUD NRI Tahun 1945, penyelesaian sengketa kewenangan lembaga negara yang kewenangannya diberikan oleh UUD merupakan kewenangan Mahkamah Konstitusi. Namun dalam praktiknya, proses penyelesaian sengketa kewenangan lembaga negara menghadapi problem tersendiri seiring tidak adanya batasan ruang lingkup dan definisi “lembaga negara” dan frasa “kewenangannya diberikan UUD” secara pasti dalam UUD NRI Tahun 1945. Situasi ini pada akhirnya menimbulkan multitafsir yang berpotensi mengakibatkan tidak efektifnya penyelesaian sengketa kewenangan lembaga negara di Indonesia. Selain itu, perlu dipikirkan mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa kewenangan lembaga yang kewenangannya bersumber dari peraturan selain UUD

Genetic diversity within and between Chinese and Western pigs.

<p>(A) The genetic distance (D) between pairs of animals. Blue bars represent D within Chinese pigs; green bars represent D within Western pigs; red bars denote D between Chinese and Western pigs. (B) The neighbor-joining tree of the tested populations based on genome-wide allele sharing.</p

The geographic locations of Chinese pigs in the present study.

<p>BMX, Bamaxiang; DS, Dongshan; EHL, Erhualian; GX, Ganxi; JH, Jinhua; KL, Kele; MIN, Min; RC, Rongchang; SUT, Sutai; SZL, Shaziling; TC, Tongcheng; TG, Tibetan (Gansu); TT, Tibetan (Tibet); WB, Chinese wild boars.</p

Genome-wide distribution of log₁₀ Bayes factor values in two contrasts.

<p>(A) Tibetan pigs versus non-plateau pigs. (B) Belted pigs against non-belted pigs. The chromosomes are plotted along the x-axis, and log₁₀ Bayes factor values are plotted along the y-axis. Chromosomes are indicated by different colors, and the threshold indicating signature of selection is denoted with a dashed grey line. In the upper panel, three highlighted genes that are likely involved with Tibetan high-altitude adaptation are circled in red, and the gene names are labeled above. For the contrast analysis between belted pigs and non-belted pigs, the top signal was detected at the <i>EDNRB</i> locus that is indicated in the lower panel.</p

Population structures of Chinese and Western pigs revealed by principal component analysis.

<p>Population structures of Chinese and Western pigs revealed by principal component analysis.</p

Autozygosity frequency distribution of runs of homozygosity (ROH) in Chinese and Western pig populations.

<p>Autozygosity frequency distribution of runs of homozygosity (ROH) in Chinese and Western pig populations.</p

Genetic Diversity, Linkage Disequilibrium and Selection Signatures in Chinese and Western Pigs Revealed by Genome-Wide SNP Markers

<div><p>To investigate population structure, linkage disequilibrium (LD) pattern and selection signature at the genome level in Chinese and Western pigs, we genotyped 304 unrelated animals from 18 diverse populations using porcine 60 K SNP chips. We confirmed the divergent evolution between Chinese and Western pigs and showed distinct topological structures of the tested populations. We acquired the evidence for the introgression of Western pigs into two Chinese pig breeds. Analysis of runs of homozygosity revealed that historical inbreeding reduced genetic variability in several Chinese breeds. We found that intrapopulation LD extents are roughly comparable between Chinese and Western pigs. However, interpopulation LD is much longer in Western pigs compared with Chinese pigs with average r²_0.3 values of 125 kb for Western pigs and only 10.5 kb for Chinese pigs. The finding indicates that higher-density markers are required to capture LD with causal variants in genome-wide association studies and genomic selection on Chinese pigs. Further, we looked across the genome to identify candidate loci under selection using <em>F_ST</em> outlier tests on two contrast samples: Tibetan pigs versus lowland pigs and belted pigs against non-belted pigs. Interestingly, we highlighted several genes including <em>ADAMTS12</em>, <em>SIM1</em> and <em>NOS1</em> that show signatures of natural selection in Tibetan pigs and are likely important for genetic adaptation to high altitude. Comparison of our findings with previous reports indicates that the underlying genetic basis for high-altitude adaptation in Tibetan pigs, Tibetan peoples and yaks is likely distinct from one another. Moreover, we identified the strongest signal of directional selection at the <em>EDNRB</em> loci in Chinese belted pigs, supporting <em>EDNRB</em> as a promising candidate gene for the white belt coat color in Chinese pigs. Altogether, our findings advance the understanding of the genome biology of Chinese and Western pigs.</p> </div

Data from: Genetic Diversity, Linkage Disequilibrium and Selection Signatures in Chinese and Western Pigs Revealed by Genome-Wide SNP Markers

Dataset corresponds to the article: "Genetic Diversity, Linkage Disequilibrium and Selection Signatures in Chinese and Western Pigs Revealed by Genome-Wide SNP Markers" Huashui Ai, Lusheng Huang, Jun Ren. For any correspondence, please address Lusheng Huang ([email protected]) Complete dataset contains 52,556 SNP genotypes for 304 individuals. Info_sample.txt file contains information about location (Origin) and population (POPname) for each sample. 304IDs.maf0.05.geno0.1.* files contains genotypes for samples included for all analyses in the paper (PLINK format)

Sample size, genetic diversity and LD extent of 18 Chinese and Western pig populations.^a

a<p>N_SNP, the number of SNPs with MAF >0.2 in the 15,911 SNP subset; P_N, the proportion of SNP which displayed polymorphism in the 15,911 SNPs selected from the 60 K panel; A_R, allelic richness; H_E, expected heterozygosity. r² measures were calculated between all pairs of SNPs with MAF ≥10% and <10% missing data in each population.</p

Extent of LD (predicted r²) as a function of inter-SNP distance between Chinese and Western pigs and within each population.

<p>Extent of LD (predicted r²) as a function of inter-SNP distance between Chinese and Western pigs and within each population.</p