The curious case of offset bars : markers for a baby galaxy disk or signposts of an interaction with dark matter sub halos?

>Magister Scientiae - MScWe have used the Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (S⁴G) as a representative sample of the local universe (total of 2352 galaxies in S⁴G) to make a catalog of offset disk barred galaxies. Using the combined variation of the position angle and the ellipticity (provided by ellipse fit) and also through visual inspection, we have been able to identify all offset structures in S⁴G. While primary bars are present in 2=3 of the disk galaxies in the visible universe, offset bars have a much lower fraction. Of the ̴ 1500 (3.6µm images) disk galaxies available in S⁴G, we classified only 49 as offset barred disk galaxies. We have determined basic properties (bar to total luminosity ratio, bar length, disk scale-length and bars of offset bars shape) using GALFIT, a widely used galaxy decomposition software package. Our main conclusion is that all the offset bars are boxy, independent of their offset from the galaxy center, or the mass of the host galaxy. Additionally we find that, the early type offset bars seem to be more boxy than the late types. The comparison of our offset sample with two other samples, respectively, low mass and high mass normal barred galaxies ("normal" for bars located at the photometric center of the host galaxy), reveals them to be at an intermediate position between the two normal samples. The bar length, disk scale-length and bar to total luminosity ratio are on average larger than the low mass normal and smaller than high mass normal barred galaxies. We have found, overall, a tighter correlation between the disk and bar properties for offset bars in comparison to the two normal samples. Our explanation is that, although the offset has no visible impact on the global shape of the bars, the process responsible for these disturbances seems to affect the star formation rate such that their disk and bars are on average more active than the normal barred galaxies in the same mass range, but not enough to surpass normal barred galaxies with much higher mass

Table_3_The causal correlation between gut microbiota abundance and pathogenesis of cervical cancer: a bidirectional mendelian randomization study.docx

BackgroundObservational studies and animal experiments suggested potential relevance between gut microbiota (GM) and cervical cancer (CC), but the relevance of this association remains to be clarified.MethodsWe performed a two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to explore whether there was a causal correlation between GM and CC, and the direction of causality.ResultsIn primary outcomes, we found that a higher abundance of class Clostridia, family Family XI, genus Alloprevotella, genus Ruminiclostridium 9, and order Clostridiales predicted higher risk of CC, and a higher abundance of class Lentisphaeria, family Acidaminococcaceae, genus Christensenellaceae R7 group, genus Marvinbryantia, order Victivallales, phylum Actinobacteria, and phylum Lentisphaerae predicted lower risk of CC. During verifiable outcomes, we found that a higher abundance of class Methanobacteria, family Actinomycetaceae, family Methanobacteriaceae, genus Lachnospiraceae UCG 010, genus Methanobrevibacter, order Actinomycetales, and order Methanobacteriales predicted a higher risk of CC, and a higher abundance of family Streptococcaceae, genus Dialister, and phylum Bacteroidetes predicted a lower risk of CC, and vice versa.ConclusionOur study implied a mutual causality between GM and CC, which provided a novel concept for the occurrence and development of CC, and might promote future functional or clinical analysis.</p

Table_4_The causal correlation between gut microbiota abundance and pathogenesis of cervical cancer: a bidirectional mendelian randomization study.docx

BackgroundObservational studies and animal experiments suggested potential relevance between gut microbiota (GM) and cervical cancer (CC), but the relevance of this association remains to be clarified.MethodsWe performed a two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to explore whether there was a causal correlation between GM and CC, and the direction of causality.ResultsIn primary outcomes, we found that a higher abundance of class Clostridia, family Family XI, genus Alloprevotella, genus Ruminiclostridium 9, and order Clostridiales predicted higher risk of CC, and a higher abundance of class Lentisphaeria, family Acidaminococcaceae, genus Christensenellaceae R7 group, genus Marvinbryantia, order Victivallales, phylum Actinobacteria, and phylum Lentisphaerae predicted lower risk of CC. During verifiable outcomes, we found that a higher abundance of class Methanobacteria, family Actinomycetaceae, family Methanobacteriaceae, genus Lachnospiraceae UCG 010, genus Methanobrevibacter, order Actinomycetales, and order Methanobacteriales predicted a higher risk of CC, and a higher abundance of family Streptococcaceae, genus Dialister, and phylum Bacteroidetes predicted a lower risk of CC, and vice versa.ConclusionOur study implied a mutual causality between GM and CC, which provided a novel concept for the occurrence and development of CC, and might promote future functional or clinical analysis.</p

Table_1_The causal correlation between gut microbiota abundance and pathogenesis of cervical cancer: a bidirectional mendelian randomization study.docx

BackgroundObservational studies and animal experiments suggested potential relevance between gut microbiota (GM) and cervical cancer (CC), but the relevance of this association remains to be clarified.MethodsWe performed a two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to explore whether there was a causal correlation between GM and CC, and the direction of causality.ResultsIn primary outcomes, we found that a higher abundance of class Clostridia, family Family XI, genus Alloprevotella, genus Ruminiclostridium 9, and order Clostridiales predicted higher risk of CC, and a higher abundance of class Lentisphaeria, family Acidaminococcaceae, genus Christensenellaceae R7 group, genus Marvinbryantia, order Victivallales, phylum Actinobacteria, and phylum Lentisphaerae predicted lower risk of CC. During verifiable outcomes, we found that a higher abundance of class Methanobacteria, family Actinomycetaceae, family Methanobacteriaceae, genus Lachnospiraceae UCG 010, genus Methanobrevibacter, order Actinomycetales, and order Methanobacteriales predicted a higher risk of CC, and a higher abundance of family Streptococcaceae, genus Dialister, and phylum Bacteroidetes predicted a lower risk of CC, and vice versa.ConclusionOur study implied a mutual causality between GM and CC, which provided a novel concept for the occurrence and development of CC, and might promote future functional or clinical analysis.</p

Table_5_The causal correlation between gut microbiota abundance and pathogenesis of cervical cancer: a bidirectional mendelian randomization study.docx

BackgroundObservational studies and animal experiments suggested potential relevance between gut microbiota (GM) and cervical cancer (CC), but the relevance of this association remains to be clarified.MethodsWe performed a two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to explore whether there was a causal correlation between GM and CC, and the direction of causality.ResultsIn primary outcomes, we found that a higher abundance of class Clostridia, family Family XI, genus Alloprevotella, genus Ruminiclostridium 9, and order Clostridiales predicted higher risk of CC, and a higher abundance of class Lentisphaeria, family Acidaminococcaceae, genus Christensenellaceae R7 group, genus Marvinbryantia, order Victivallales, phylum Actinobacteria, and phylum Lentisphaerae predicted lower risk of CC. During verifiable outcomes, we found that a higher abundance of class Methanobacteria, family Actinomycetaceae, family Methanobacteriaceae, genus Lachnospiraceae UCG 010, genus Methanobrevibacter, order Actinomycetales, and order Methanobacteriales predicted a higher risk of CC, and a higher abundance of family Streptococcaceae, genus Dialister, and phylum Bacteroidetes predicted a lower risk of CC, and vice versa.ConclusionOur study implied a mutual causality between GM and CC, which provided a novel concept for the occurrence and development of CC, and might promote future functional or clinical analysis.</p

Image_1_The causal correlation between gut microbiota abundance and pathogenesis of cervical cancer: a bidirectional mendelian randomization study.TIF

BackgroundObservational studies and animal experiments suggested potential relevance between gut microbiota (GM) and cervical cancer (CC), but the relevance of this association remains to be clarified.MethodsWe performed a two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to explore whether there was a causal correlation between GM and CC, and the direction of causality.ResultsIn primary outcomes, we found that a higher abundance of class Clostridia, family Family XI, genus Alloprevotella, genus Ruminiclostridium 9, and order Clostridiales predicted higher risk of CC, and a higher abundance of class Lentisphaeria, family Acidaminococcaceae, genus Christensenellaceae R7 group, genus Marvinbryantia, order Victivallales, phylum Actinobacteria, and phylum Lentisphaerae predicted lower risk of CC. During verifiable outcomes, we found that a higher abundance of class Methanobacteria, family Actinomycetaceae, family Methanobacteriaceae, genus Lachnospiraceae UCG 010, genus Methanobrevibacter, order Actinomycetales, and order Methanobacteriales predicted a higher risk of CC, and a higher abundance of family Streptococcaceae, genus Dialister, and phylum Bacteroidetes predicted a lower risk of CC, and vice versa.ConclusionOur study implied a mutual causality between GM and CC, which provided a novel concept for the occurrence and development of CC, and might promote future functional or clinical analysis.</p

Table_2_The causal correlation between gut microbiota abundance and pathogenesis of cervical cancer: a bidirectional mendelian randomization study.docx

BackgroundObservational studies and animal experiments suggested potential relevance between gut microbiota (GM) and cervical cancer (CC), but the relevance of this association remains to be clarified.MethodsWe performed a two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to explore whether there was a causal correlation between GM and CC, and the direction of causality.ResultsIn primary outcomes, we found that a higher abundance of class Clostridia, family Family XI, genus Alloprevotella, genus Ruminiclostridium 9, and order Clostridiales predicted higher risk of CC, and a higher abundance of class Lentisphaeria, family Acidaminococcaceae, genus Christensenellaceae R7 group, genus Marvinbryantia, order Victivallales, phylum Actinobacteria, and phylum Lentisphaerae predicted lower risk of CC. During verifiable outcomes, we found that a higher abundance of class Methanobacteria, family Actinomycetaceae, family Methanobacteriaceae, genus Lachnospiraceae UCG 010, genus Methanobrevibacter, order Actinomycetales, and order Methanobacteriales predicted a higher risk of CC, and a higher abundance of family Streptococcaceae, genus Dialister, and phylum Bacteroidetes predicted a lower risk of CC, and vice versa.ConclusionOur study implied a mutual causality between GM and CC, which provided a novel concept for the occurrence and development of CC, and might promote future functional or clinical analysis.</p

High Separation Factor, High Molar Activity, and Inexpensive Purification Method for the Production of Pure ¹⁶⁵Er

Introduction: Auger electron-emitting radionuclides with low (0.001–1 keV) energy, short-range (2–500 nm), and high linear energy transfer (4–26 keV/μm) can play an important role in the targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) of cancer. 165Er is a pure Auger electron-emitting radionuclide, making it a useful tool for the fundamental studies of the biological effects of Auger electrons. This work develops a simple, inexpensive, high separation factor, and high molar activity radiochemical isolation process for the production of 165Er (t1/2 10.36 h) suitable for TRT in vitro and in vivo studies using irradiated natHo solid targets. Methods: Small medical cyclotron proton-irradiation of natHo targets produced 165Er in GBq scale quantities. 165Er was isolated using cation exchange chromatographic resin (AG 50W-X8, 200–400 mesh, 20 mL, under atmospheric pressure) using α-hydroxyisobutyric acid (70 mM, pH 4.75) followed by extraction using TK212, TK211, and TK221 extraction chromatographic columns. Radio nuclidic and chemical purity of the final 165Er were confirmed using HPGe Gamma spectrometry and induction coupled plasma–mass spectrometry analysis, respectively. The purified 165Er was radiolabeled with two radiometal chelators (DOTA and Crown) and used to produce a new Auger electron-emitting radiopharmaceutical, [165Er]Er-Crown-TATE. Results: Irradiation of 200 mg natHo targets with 20–30 μA of 12.8 MeV protons produced 165Er at 25 ± 5 MBq·μA–1·h–1. The 4.5 ± 0.5 h radiochemical isolation yielded GBq scale of 165Er in 0.05 M HCl (2 mL) with a radiochemical yield of 78.0 ± 5.6% decay corrected to the end of bombardment (EoB) and a Ho/165Er separation factor of (1.14 ± 0.25) × 106. The product showed high radio nuclidic purity and chemical purity. Concentration-dependent radiolabeling experiments with Crown and DOTA were performed resulting in the successful labeling of 165Er with high (>90%) radiochemical yield. Radiolabeling experiments with Crown-TATE were performed 8 h after EoB and synthesized [165Er]Er-Crown-TATE at molar activities of 202.4 MBq·nmol–1 at the end of synthesis (EoS). Conclusions: A 3 h cyclotron irradiation and 4.5 h radiochemical separation produced GBq-scale 165Er suitable for producing radiopharmaceuticals at molar activities satisfactory for investigations of targeted radionuclide therapeutic effects of Auger electron emissions. This will enable future fundamental radiation biology experiments of pure Auger electron-emitting therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals, such as [165Er]Er-Crown-TATE, which will be used to understand the impact of Auger electrons in TRT

Asymmetric Friedel–Crafts Alkylation of Indoles with Trifluoromethyl Pyruvate Catalyzed by a Dinuclear Zinc Catalyst

A bimetallic cooperative catalysis model has been reported for the asymmetric Friedel–Crafts (F–C) alkylation of indoles with trifluoromethyl pyruvates using Trost’s intramolecular dinuclear zinc complex as the catalyst. This dinuclear zinc catalyst was prepared in situ by reacting the chiral ligand (<i>S,S</i>)-<b>L2b</b> with 2 equiv of ZnEt₂. A series of trifluoromethyl alcohol and indole-containing biological compounds were formed in moderate to good yields (up to 95%) with good enantioselectivity (up to 88% enantiomeric excess (ee)) in the presence of 10 mol % catalyst under mild conditions. A synergistic transition state model was proposed to explain the origin of the asymmetric induction

Alterations in villus height and crypt depth in mice after KGF treatment.

<p>* <i>P</i><0.05 vs. control group, n = 6 per group.</p