Percentages of missing data.

(DOCX)</p

Participant flow diagram.

n is patient unit encounter. Abbreviations: RRT, renal replacement therapy; ESKD, end-stage kidney disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; ICU, intensive care unit; AKI, acute kidney injury.</p

Drug names of diuretics and vasopressors.

(DOCX)</p

Baseline characteristics of the study population by the median of creatinine level.

Baseline characteristics of the study population by the median of creatinine level.</p

Kaplan–Meier survival curves for 30-day mortality by albumin and BMI in the eICU dataset.

The low-creatinine group had a higher 30-day mortality rate in four groups. (PNG)</p

Box plots of SOFA and nonrenal SOFA scores between patients with low creatinine (Cr < 4 mg/dL) and with high creatinine (Cr ≥ 4 mg/dL) in the MIMIC dataset.

The low-creatinine (Cr Kruskal–Wallis test, P (PNG)</p

Kaplan–Meier survival curve for 30-day mortality according to creatinine category in the MIMIC dataset.

The low-creatinine (Cr P (PNG)</p

Kaplan–Meier curve of mortality according to creatinine category.

The low-creatinine (Cr < 4 mg/dL) group was associated with worse survival than the high-creatinine (Cr ≥ 4 mg/dL) group.</p

Box plot of nonrenal SOFA score between the low-creatinine (Cr < 4 mg/dL) group and the high-creatinine (Cr ≥ 4 mg/dL) group in fluid-overloaded patients.

The low-creatinine (Cr Kruskal–Wallis test, P < 0.0001).</p

Risk of mortality in patients with high predialysis creatinine levels compared with patients with low predialysis creatinine levels in the MIMIC dataset.

(DOCX)</p