Infracomunidades de moscas ectoparasitas (Diptera: Streblidae e Nycteribiidae) de morcegos (Mammalia : Chiroptera) em três unidades de conservação no estado do Amapá, Brasil

Dípteros pertencentes as famílias Nycteribiidae e Streblidae são ectoparasitos hematófagos, sendo exclusivamente de morcegos. O estado do Amapá localiza-se na região Norte do Brasil e representa um dos estados com as menores taxas de desmatamento do país, com aproximadamente 80% do território preservado. Dentro do Estado, existem as unidades de conservação, a Floresta Nacional do Amapá (FNA), o Parque Nacional Montanhas do Tumucumaque (PNMT) e a Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável do Rio Iratapurú (RDS) que representam áreas prioritárias para a Conservação da Biodiversidade da Amazônia. Estudos sobre a diversidade e a distribuição de morcegos têm sido estudada recentemente no Amapá, no entanto, não existem registros de artrópodes ectoparasitos associados. Sendo assim, o objetivo foi descrever padrão de associação das espécies de Nycteribiidae e Streblidae sobre morcegos em três unidades de conservação do Amapá. Os morcegos foram coletados por meio de redes de neblina, onde cada hospedeiro teve seu corpo revisado visualmente e os dípteros coletados foram identificados através de bibliografia específica. Foram identificados 1086 indivíduos de moscas ectoparasitas, distribuídos em 52 espécies (Streblidae = 49 e Nycteribiidae = três). Entre as três infracomunidades, a infracomunidade de PNMT foi a maior encontrada tanto com relação a abundancia como em riqueza de dípteros ectoparasitas. Todas as espécies encontradas, representam novas ocorrências para o Estado do Amapá, sendo essas, 18 novos registros para a Região Norte e sete novos registros para o Brasil.Diptera belonging to the families Nycteribiidae and Streblidae are hematophagous ectoparasites, exclusively of bats. The Amapá State is located in the North Region of Brazil. The Amapá represents one of with the lowest rates of deforestation in the country, with approximately 80% of the territory preserved. Within the State, there are conservation units, Floresta Nacional do Amapá (FNA), Parque Nacional Montanhas do Tumucumaque (PNMT) and Reserva de desenvolvimento Sustentável do Rio Iratapurú (RDSI). These areas represent priority areas for the Conservation of Amazonian Biodiversity. Recently in Amapá studied on the diversity and distribution of bats, however, there are no records of associated arthropod ectoparasites. Therefore, the objective was to describe the pattern of association of Nycteribiidae and Streblidae species on bats in three protected areas of Amapá. Bats were collected through mist nets, where each host had its body visually revised and the Diptera collected were identified through a specific bibliography. One thousand and eighty- six individuals of bats flies were identified, distributed in 52 species (Streblidae = 49 and Nycteribiidae = three). Among the three infracommunities, the PNMT infracommunities was the largest found with abundance and richness of bats flies. All species found, represent new occurrences for the Amapá, being these, 18 new records for the North Region and seven new records for Brazil

Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil: setting the baseline knowledge on the animal diversity in Brazil

The limited temporal completeness and taxonomic accuracy of species lists, made available in a traditional manner in scientific publications, has always represented a problem. These lists are invariably limited to a few taxonomic groups and do not represent up-to-date knowledge of all species and classifications. In this context, the Brazilian megadiverse fauna is no exception, and the Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil (CTFB) (http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/), made public in 2015, represents a database on biodiversity anchored on a list of valid and expertly recognized scientific names of animals in Brazil. The CTFB is updated in near real time by a team of more than 800 specialists. By January 1, 2024, the CTFB compiled 133,691 nominal species, with 125,138 that were considered valid. Most of the valid species were arthropods (82.3%, with more than 102,000 species) and chordates (7.69%, with over 11,000 species). These taxa were followed by a cluster composed of Mollusca (3,567 species), Platyhelminthes (2,292 species), Annelida (1,833 species), and Nematoda (1,447 species). All remaining groups had less than 1,000 species reported in Brazil, with Cnidaria (831 species), Porifera (628 species), Rotifera (606 species), and Bryozoa (520 species) representing those with more than 500 species. Analysis of the CTFB database can facilitate and direct efforts towards the discovery of new species in Brazil, but it is also fundamental in providing the best available list of valid nominal species to users, including those in science, health, conservation efforts, and any initiative involving animals. The importance of the CTFB is evidenced by the elevated number of citations in the scientific literature in diverse areas of biology, law, anthropology, education, forensic science, and veterinary science, among others

FIGURE 9 in Hershkovitzia (Diptera: Nycteribiidae): revision, phylogeny, and cophylogeny

FIGURE 9. Geographic distribution of species of Hershkovitzia Guimar"es & D'Andretta, 1956. Symbols: circle = H. primitiva Guimar"es & D'Andretta, 1956; star = H. cabala = Peterson & Lacey, 1985; triangle = H. inaequalis Theodor, 1967; rhombus = H. mariae Hrycyna, Santos, Rebêlo & Graciolli, 2022; plus = Hershkovitzia autinoae sp. nov.Published as part of <i>Hrycyna, Gabriela & Graciolli, Gustavo, 2023, Hershkovitzia (Diptera: Nycteribiidae): revision, phylogeny, and cophylogeny, pp. 372-402 in Zootaxa 5346 (4)</i> on page 391, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5346.4.2, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/8390373">http://zenodo.org/record/8390373</a&gt

Hershkovitzia inaequalis Theodor 1967

<i>Hershkovitzia inaequalis</i> Theodor, 1967 <p>(Figs 6, 9)</p> <p> <i>Hershkovitzia inaequalis</i> Theodor, 1967: 348, figs 585 (female thorax, dorsal view), 596 (female sternal plate), 587 (female, tibia I and tarsomeres I–IV, anterior view), 588 (female, tibia II and tarsomeres I–IV, anterior view), 589 (female, tibia III and tarsomeres I–IV, anterior view), 590 (male abdomen, dorsal view), 591 (male abdomen, ventral view), 592 (male genitalia, lateral view), 593 (female abdomen, dorsal view), 594 (female abdomen, ventral view and hypoprocto). References: Guimar„es (1968: 4, catalog); Peterson & Lacey (1985: 581, key to females; 582, key to males); Graciolli (2001: 319, checklist; 320, distribution); Graciolli & Bernard (2002: 80, geographic records and host; 84, citation); Graciolli (2004: 971, citation); Graciolli <i>et al</i>. (2007: 155, catalog); Graciolli (2010: 1263, female thorax, ventral view); Frank <i>et al</i>. (2014: 120, catalog); Hrycyna <i>et al</i>. (2022:1, citation; 4, key to females; 5, key to males); Graciolli & Dick (2023: 6, checklist).</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> Eyes with four setae anteriorly. Palps dilated at the extremities, with 10 setae throughout their length and four setae at the distal extremities. Gena with six setae. Postgena with five short setae. Notopleural suture with four setae. Female with tergites 4 to 6 divided into two plates. Sternites 3 to 5 divided. Sternite 6 divided into two subtriangular plates. Sternite 7 subtriangular, with lateral and medial portions with depressions, strongly pigmented and without setae. Male: tergites 4 and 5 with medial zone without setae and less sclerotized.</p> <p> <b>Redescription.</b> Head. Dorsal view—Eyes with a single lens; anteriorly with four setae. Lateral view—Gena with six setae. Postgena with five short setae. Ventral view—Palps dilated at the extremities, with 10 setae throughout length and four setae at the distal extremities. Theca as wide as long, more than twice as long as labella.</p> <p>Thorax. Dorsal view—Notopleural suture with four setae. Thoracic spiracle pyriform. Thoracic ctenidium with 10 spines. Ventral view—Oblique suture obtuse-angled. Coxa I as wide as long, with setae throughout its length. Femur I wider than long, with setae throughout its length. Tibia I longer than wide, posterior margin with four rows of setae on apical portion. Basitarsus as long as the following three tarsomeres combined. Coxa II short, triangular, with few setae. Femur II longer than wide, rectangular, with no setae on medial portion. Tibia II longer than wide and posterior margin with three rows of setae on apical portion. Coxa III longer than wide, triangular, with setae throughout its length. Femur III longer than wide, rectangular, without setae on medial portion. Tibia III longer than wide and posterior margin with five rows of setae on apical portion.</p> <p> Abdomen. <i>Female</i>. Tergites and sternites with numerous setae throughout their length. Distal margins of plates with a row of long setae of uneven length. Dorsal view—Syntergite 1+2 and tergite 3 whole, rectangular. Tergites 4 to 6 divided into plates. Tergite 7 with lateral concavity with 6–7 associated setae. Ventral view—Sternite 1+2 whole, rectangular, with a ctenidium of 45 long, thin and covering only middle third of posterior margin. Sternites 3 to 5 divided, rectangular. Sternite 6 divided, rectangular. Sternite 7 subtriangular, with posterior margin almost straight and lateral and medial portions of plate with depressions. <i>Male</i>. Tergites and sternites with numerous setae throughout their length. Distal margin of plates with row of longer setae of uneven length. Dorsal view—Syntergite 1+2 and tergites 3 and 4 whole, rectangular. Tergites 4 and 5 with medial zone without setae and less sclerotized. Anal plate with setae only on posterior margin. Ventral view—Sternite 1+2 long, rectangular, with ctenidium of 56 spines covering middle third of posterior margin. Sternites 3 and 4 whole, rectangular. Sternite 5 long, with a concavity at medial posterior margin and with a rounded lateral margin. Setae more sclerotized than the others and of different size associated with lateral margin.</p> <p> <b>Type host.</b> <i>Thyroptera lavali</i> Pine, 1993.</p> <p> <b>Type locality.</b> Peru, Loreto, Maynas.</p> <p> <b>Geographic distribution.</b> Brazil (Pará), Peru (Loreto) (Fig. 9).</p> <p> <b>Type material examined.</b> 1 ♀ and 1 ♁ [paratypes; examined from photos], FMNH, nº89121 CK2452, host <i>T. lavali</i>. Peru. Loreto, Mayanas, Yavari-Mirim river, Quebrada Esperanza, September 16, 1957, C. Kalinowsky coll.</p> <p> <b>Additional material examined.</b> 1 ♁, DZUP, nº055775, host <i>T. lavali</i>. Brazil. Pará, Santarém, Vila Alter do Ch „o (02°30’S / 54°57’W), May 09, 2000, E. Bernard coll.</p>Published as part of <i>Hrycyna, Gabriela & Graciolli, Gustavo, 2023, Hershkovitzia (Diptera: Nycteribiidae): revision, phylogeny, and cophylogeny, pp. 372-402 in Zootaxa 5346 (4)</i> on pages 385-387, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5346.4.2, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/8390373">http://zenodo.org/record/8390373</a&gt

Hershkovitzia autinoae Hrycyna & Graciolli 2023, sp. nov.

<i>Hershkovitzia autinoae</i> sp. nov. <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 889DF7A9-E4C5-445B-96B2-D9347F5B0507</p> <p>(Figs 8, 9)</p> <p> <b>Type series:</b> 1 ♀ [holotype], ZUFMS, nº2379, host <i>T. tricolor</i>. Brazil. Pará, Nova Timboteua, Sítio Coringa (01º04’44.40”S / 47º22’06.50”W), April 20, 2017. 4 ♁ [Paratypes], ZUFMS, nº2380, same data as holotype.</p> <p> <b>Type locality.</b> Sítio Coringa, Nova Timboteua, Pará State, Brazil.</p> <p> <b>Geographic distribution.</b> Brazil (Pará) (Fig. 9).</p> <p> <b>Type host.</b> <i>Thyroptera tricolor</i> Spix, 1823.</p> <p> <b>Depository.</b> Holotype and paratypes: Coleç „o Zoológica da Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil (ZUFMS).</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The specific epithet is in honor of Dr. Analía Gladys Autino, a recent victim of COVID-19, for her contributions to American bat flies.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> Eyes with two associated setae each, one located between the eyes and the other anterior to them. Palps of uniform width, with seven setae throughout their length and three setae on distal extremity. Gena with five setae. Postgena with a short seta. Notopleural suture with two setae. Female: tergite 6 divided into two plates; tergite 7 with two setae throughout its length; sternites 3 and 4 whole; sternites 5 and 6 divided into two plates each. Sternite 7 subtriangular, with lateral and medial portions with depressions, strongly pigmented and without setae. Male tergites and sternites constituted by whole plates.</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> Head. Dorsal view—Eyes with a single lens and with two associated setae each: one between the eyes and one anterior to the eye. Lateral view—Gena with five setae. Postgena with one seta. Ventral view—Palps of uniform width, with seven setae throughout their length and three setae on distal region. Thecae as wide as long, twice as long as labella.</p> <p>Thorax. Dorsal view—Notopleural suture with three setae. Thoracic ctenidium with 13 spines. Thoracic spiracle pyriform. Ventral view—Sternal plate with setae throughout its length. Oblique suture obtuse-angled. Coxa I longer than wide, triangular, anterior margin with a row of setae longer than the others. Femur I longer than wide, flat, rectangular, with setae throughout its length. Tibia I flat and posterior margin with four rows of setae on apical portion. Basitarsus as long as following three tarsomeres combined. Coxa II short, triangular, with few setae. Femur II longer than wide, flat, rectangular, with setae throughout its length except on medial portion. Tibia II longer than wide and posterior margin with three rows of setae on apical portion. Coxa III as wide as long, triangular, with setae throughout its length. Femur III longer than wide, rectangular, with setae only on posterior margin. Tibia III longer than wide and posterior margin with five rows of setae on apical portion.</p> <p> Abdomen. <i>Female</i>. Tergites and sternites with numerous setae throughout their length. Distal margin of plates with a row of long setae of unequal length. Dorsal view—Syntergite 1+2 and tergites 3 to 5 whole. Tergite 6 divided into two plates. Tergite 7 short and with two setae throughout its length. Ventral view—Sternite 1+2 rectangular, with rounded margin; ctenidium with 35 spines, covering middle third of posterior margin. Sternites 3 and 4 whole. Sternites 5 and 6 divided into two plates each. Sternite 7 subtriangular, posterior margin almost straight; medial portion of plate with a depression, strongly pigmented, without setae. <i>Male</i>. Tergites and sternites with numerous setae throughout their length; distal margin of plates with a row of long setae of unequal length. Dorsal view— Syntergite 1+2 and tergites 3 to 6 whole. Tergites 4 to 5 with medial strip without setae and less sclerotized. Anal plate with microtrichia throughout length and setae only on posterior margin. Ventral view—Sternite 1+2 with dense ctenidium of 40–50 spines covering middle third of posterior margin. Sternites 3 to 5 whole. Sternite 5 with a concavity on medial posterior margin, rounded lateral margins and setae only on lateral margins of plate.</p>Published as part of <i>Hrycyna, Gabriela & Graciolli, Gustavo, 2023, Hershkovitzia (Diptera: Nycteribiidae): revision, phylogeny, and cophylogeny, pp. 372-402 in Zootaxa 5346 (4)</i> on page 389, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5346.4.2, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/8390373">http://zenodo.org/record/8390373</a&gt

Hershkovitzia Guimaraes & D'Andretta 1956

<i>Hershkovitzia</i> Guimarães & D’Andretta, 1956 <p>(Figs 1–8)</p> <p> <i>Hershkovitzia</i> Guimar „es & D’Andretta, 1956: 127. References: Maa (1965: 379; checklist); Wenzel & Tipton (1966: 393, citation; 646, ecology; 704, ecological aspects; 838, index); Machado-Allison (1967: 370, citation); Theodor (1967: 345, diagnosis); Guimar„es (1968: 4, catalog); Radovsky & Furman (1969: 393, citation); Maa (1982: 704, citation; 705, citation); Peterson & Lacey (1985: 581, key to females; 582, key to males); Peterson & Wenzel (1987: 1286, citation; 1288, citation; 1289, citation; 1318, citation); Autino <i>et al</i>. (1999: 141, citation); Bärtschi (2000: 6, morphological description; 9, citation; 14, citation); Graciolli (2001: 319, checklist); Graciolli & Bernard (2002: 84, host and geographic records); Graciolli (2004: 971, citation); Prevedello <i>et al</i>. (2005: 194, citation); Dick & Patterson (2006: 180, citation; 182, morphological description; 640, index); Graciolli <i>et al</i>. (2006: 35, citation; 36, citation); Graciolli <i>et al</i>. (2007: 155, catalog); Autino <i>et al</i>. (2009: 173, citation; 174, citation); Dias <i>et al</i>. (2009: 128, citation); Graciolli (2010: 1261, citation; 1263, ecological aspects; 1264, citation and key to genera of Nycteribiidae of the New World; 1265, synopsis of fauna); Benedito & Cunha (2013: 166, citation); Frank <i>et al</i>. (2014: 115, catalog and geographic distribution); Dick & Pospischil (2015: 3, geographic distribution); Dittmar <i>et al</i>. (2015: 258, citation); Graciolli <i>et al</i>. (2016: 782, catalog); Dornelles <i>et al</i>. (2017: 1, citation); Patterson (2017: 2, citation); Hrycyna <i>et al</i>. (2022: 4, key to females; 5, key to males); Graciolli & Dick (2023: 6, checklist).</p> <p> <b>Type species.</b> <i>Hershkovitzia primitiva</i> Guimar „es & D’Andretta, 1956, by monotypy.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> Head laterally compressed. Vertex membranous. Mesonotum hexagonal, thorax wider than long. Sternal plate with two sutures. Each pair of legs of different size and morphology. Female abdomen with six ventral plates and six dorsal plates, with tergites smaller than sternites. Male abdomen with six ventral plates and five dorsal plates, with tergites wider than sternites. Both syntergite 1+2 and sternite 1+2 present in male and female. Sternite 1+ 2 in both sexes with a ctenidium covering the entire posterior margin of the sternite or its middle third.</p> <p> <b>Redescription.</b> Head covering part of mesonotum at rest. Funnel-shaped, with narrower base. Dorsal view: eyes with a single lens, present or absent; palps widening distally or not, with varying number of setae; vertex Vshaped and membranous. Lateral view: 0–6 genal setae; antenna with pedicel developed, straight and lined with small setae; flagellum straight and entirely lined with setae; arista dendriform; 0–5 postgenal setae. Ventral view: labella shorter than thecae.</p> <p>Thorax dorsoventrally flattened, wider than long. Dorsal view: pleurae and mesonotum membranous; lateral plates absent; scutellum absent; mesonotum hexagonal; 2–4 notopleural setae; thoracic spiracle present; thoracic ctenidium composed of 10–14 spines, located between coxae I and II. Ventral view: sternal plate wider than long, with anterior margin arched and posterior margin straight; oblique suture right-, obtuse- or acute-angled; median sternal suture absent; two sutures on lateral margin of sternal plate; legs inserted on dorsal portion of body, each pair of different size and morphology: first pair inserted anterior to head insertion, second pair inserted posterior to thoracic ctenidium, third pair inserted anterior to halter.</p> <p> Abdomen. <i>Female</i>. Dorsal view: syntergite 1+2 and tergites 3 to 7 sclerotized; arrangement and chaetotaxy of tergites varied. Lateral view: seven pairs of spiracles. Ventral view: sternites (1+2, 3 to 7) sclerotized; sternite 1+2 with a ctenidium of 30 to 58 spines on posterior margin; sternites wider than tergites; shape and chaetotaxy of sternites varied.</p> <p> <i>Male</i>. Dorsal view: syntergite 1+2, tergites 3 to 6 and anal plate sclerotized. Ventral view: sternites (1+2, 3 to 5) sclerotized; sternite 1+2 with a ctenidium of 30 to 53 spines on posterior margin; tergites wider than sternites; format and chaetotaxy of tergites and sternites varied; anal segment conical, with associated setae.</p> Identification key to species of <i>Hershkovitzia</i> <p> <i>Females</i>:</p> <p> 1. Abdominal ctenidium covering entire posterior margin of sternite 1+2 (Figs 3B, 4B, 5B). Tibia II with two rows of setae in median portion (Fig. 4C). Sternal plate: oblique suture right-angled (Primitiva group)............................... <b>2</b></p> <p> - Abdominal ctenidium covering middle third of posterior margin of sternite 1+2 (Figs 6B, 7B, 8B). Tibia II with three rows of setae in apical portion (Fig. 4D). Sternal plate: oblique suture obtuse-angled (Inaequalis group)....................... <b>4</b></p> <p> 2. Eyes absent (Fig. 4E, F). Sternite 7 hexagonal, median region without setae (Fig. 4B). Notopleural suture with two setae on each side. Gena with two setae (Fig. 4E)..................................................... <b> <i>H. coeca</i> Theodor</b> </p> <p> - Eyes present (Figs 1, 3E, F, 5E, F, 6E, F, 7E, F, 8E, F). Sternite 7 with rounded posterior margin. Notopleural suture with more than two associated setae. Gena with two or more setae....................................................... <b>3</b></p> <p> 3. Eyes with two associated setae, one located anterior and one located posterior to eye (Fig. 5E, F). Notopleural suture with three associated setae. Tergites whole. Postgena without setae. Gena with two setae (Fig. 5E)....... <b> <i>H. cabala</i> Peterson & Lacey</b> </p> <p> - Eyes with two associated setae, both located anterior to eye (Fig. 3E, F). Notopleural suture with three associated setae. Tergite 6 divided (Fig. 3A). Postgena with three short setae. Gena with three setae (Fig. 3E)..................................................................................................... <b> <i>H. primitiva</i> Guimarães & D’Andretta</b> </p> <p> 4. Eyes with four associated setae, all located anterior to eye (Fig. 6E, F). Notopleural suture with four associated setae. Tergites 4, 5, and 6 divided (Fig. 6A). Sternites 3, 4, 5, and 6 divided (Fig. 6B). Sternite 7 subtriangular, with posterior margin almost straight and median portion of plate with depressions (Fig. 6B). Postgena with five short setae. Gena with six setae (Fig. 6E).................................................................................. <b> <i>H. inaequalis</i> Theodor</b> </p> <p> - Eyes with two or three associated setae. Notopleural suture with two to three associated setae. Tergite 4 whole. Tergite 5 divided or whole. Sternites 3 and 4 divided or whole. Sternite 7 with other characteristics. Postgena with one or two setae. Gena with three or five setae..................................................................................... <b>5</b></p> <p> 5. Eyes with three associated setae, two located anterior to eye and one located between the eyes (Fig. 7E, F). Tergites 5 and 6 divided (Fig. 7A). Sternites 3, 4, 5, and 6 divided (Fig. 7B). Sternite 7 subtriangular, with posterior margin almost straight and depressions on lateral and medial portions of plate (Fig. 7B). Notopleural suture with three associated setae. Postgena with two setae. Gena with two setae (Fig. 7E).................................................. <b> <i>H. mariae</i> Hrycyna <i>et al.</i></b> </p> <p> - Eyes with two associated setae, one located between the eyes and one anterior to eye (Fig. 8E, F). Tergite 6 divided (Fig. 8A). Sternites 3 and 4 whole, sternites 5 and 6 divided. Sternite 7 with posterior and lateral margins almost straight, with depressed median region of plate well pigmented and without setae (Fig. 8B). Notopleural suture with two associated setae. Postgena with one seta. Gena with five setae (Fig. 8E).................................................... <b> <i>H. autinoae</i> sp. nov.</b> </p> <p> <i>Males</i>:</p> <p> 1. Abdominal ctenidium covering entire posterior margin of sternite 1+2 (Fig. 3D). Notopleural suture with three associated setae............................................................................................... <b>2</b></p> <p> - Abdominal ctenidium covering one third of posterior margin of sternite 1+2 (Fig. 7D). Notopleural suture with two or four associated setae....................................................................................... <b>3</b></p> <p> 2. Eyes with two associated setae, both located anterior to eye (Fig. 3E, F). Thoracic ctenidium with 14 spines. Postgena with three short setae. Gena with three setae (Fig. 3E.................................. <i>H</i>. primitiva Guimarães & D’Andretta</p> <p> - Eyes with three associated setae, two anterior to eye and one between the eyes (Fig. 7E, F). Thoracic ctenidium with 10 spines. Postgena with two setae. Gena with two setae (Fig. 7E)................................... <b> <i>H. mariae</i> Hrycyna <i>et al.</i></b> </p> <p> 3. Eyes with four associated setae, all located anterior to eye (Fig. 6E, F). Four setae along notopleural suture. Thoracic ctenidium with 10 spines. Postgena with five short setae. Gena with six setae (Fig. 6E)..................... <b> <i>H. inaequalis</i> Theodor</b> </p> <p> - Eyes with two associated setae. Notopleural suture with two or three associated setae. Thoracic ctenidium with 11 or 13 spines. Postgena with one or five setae. Gena with two or five setae................................................... <b>4</b></p> <p> 4. Eyes with two associated setae, one located between the eyes, the other anterior to eye (Fig. 8E, F). Notopleural suture with two associated setae. Thoracic ctenidium with 13 spines. Postgena with one seta. Gena with five setae (Fig. 8E).................................................................................................. <b> <i>H. autinoae</i> sp. nov.</b> </p> <p> - Eyes with two associated setae, one located anterior to eye and one posterior to eye (Fig. 5E, F). Notopleural suture with three associated setae. Thoracic ctenidium with 11 spines. Postgena with five short setae. Gena with two setae (Fig. 5E)..................................................................................... <b> <i>H. cabala</i> Peterson & Lacey</b> </p>Published as part of <i>Hrycyna, Gabriela & Graciolli, Gustavo, 2023, Hershkovitzia (Diptera: Nycteribiidae): revision, phylogeny, and cophylogeny, pp. 372-402 in Zootaxa 5346 (4)</i> on pages 376-379, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5346.4.2, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/8390373">http://zenodo.org/record/8390373</a&gt

Thyroptera Spix 1823

Phylogeny of <i>Thyroptera</i> <p>Our search resulted in only one most parsimonious tree (Fig. 11). The genus was monophyletic, supported by eight synapomorphies (2:1; 3:1; 5:1; 6:1; 10:1; 16:1; 22:2 and 23:1) in addition to one homoplasy (1:1). The character states of each species are shown in Table 2. Bootstrap support was robust for the genus (> 70%). The decay index (Bremer support) showed similar values: support for clades of the internal group was low (1), whereas it was high (8) for the genus.</p> <p> Our phylogenetic analysis resulted in <i>T. lavali</i> and <i>T. devivoi</i> as sister species, as found also by Gregorin <i>et al.</i> (2006). The clade was supported by one synapomorphy (0:2—short dorsal hair between shoulders) and one homoplasy (7:0—low and less globular shape of braincase). The closest species to the pair was <i>T. wynneae</i>. The clade formed by <i>T. lavali</i>, <i>T. devivoi</i>, and <i>T. wynneae</i> was supported by six synapomorphies (0:1; 11:1; 14:2; 18:1; 19:1; and 24:1). <i>Thyroptera tricolor</i> was the closest species to the clade <i>T. lavali</i> + <i>T. devivoi</i> + <i>T. wynneae</i>, supported by two synapomorphies (1:2 and 12:1) and two homoplasies (8:1 and 15:0). <i>Thyroptera discifera</i> was the most basal species of the genus.</p>Published as part of <i>Hrycyna, Gabriela & Graciolli, Gustavo, 2023, Hershkovitzia (Diptera: Nycteribiidae): revision, phylogeny, and cophylogeny, pp. 372-402 in Zootaxa 5346 (4)</i> on pages 392-396, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5346.4.2, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/8390373">http://zenodo.org/record/8390373</a&gt

Hershkovitzia coeca Theodor 1967

<i>Hershkovitzia coeca</i> Theodor, 1967 <p>(Figs 4, 9)</p> <p> <i>Hershkovitzia coeca</i> Theodor, 1967: 346, figs 578 (female thorax, dorsal view), 579 (female sternal plate), 580 (female tibia I and tarsomeres I–IV, anterior view), 581 (female tibia II and tarsomeres I–IV, anterior view), 582 (female tibia III and tarsomeres I–IV, anterior view), 583 (female abdomen, dorsal view), 584 (female abdomen, ventral view and genital plate). References: Guimar„es (1968: 4, catalog); Peterson & Lacey (1985: 581, key to females); Bärtschi (2000: 6: 6, citation); Graciolli (2001: 319, checklist); Graciolli & Bernard (2002: 84, citation); Graciolli <i>et al</i>. (2007: 155, catalog); Hrycyna <i>et al</i>. (2022: 1, citation; 4, key to females; 5, key to males); Graciolli & Dick (2023: 6, checklist).</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> Eyes absent. Gena with two setae, one longer than the other. Palps uniform in width, with six setae throughout their length and three on distal portion. Two additional setae on posterior margin, one longer than the other. Thoracic spiracles rounded. Notopleural suture with two associated setae. Female with tergite 6 divided into two plates. Tergite 7 with six setae throughout its length. In ventral view, sternites 4 to 6 divided into two plates.</p> <p> <b>Redescription.</b> Head. Dorsal view: eyes absent. Lateral view: gena with two setae. Ventral view: palps uniform in width with six setae throughout their length and three on distal portion. Theca longer than wide and twice as long as labella.</p> <p>Thorax. Dorsal view: notopleural suture with two setae. Thoracic ctenidium with 10 spines. Thoracic spiracles rounded. Ventral view: sternal plate with few setae throughout its length; oblique suture right-angled. Coxa I as wide as long, with setae throughout its length. Femur I wider than long, rectangular, flat, with setae throughout its length. Tibia I with distal posterior margin extremely curved, posterior margin with four rows of setae in apical portion. Basitarsus as long as the following three tarsomeres combined. Coxa II short and triangular. Femur II longer than wide, with setae only on anterior portion; one seta, larger than the others, located in posterior distal region. Tibia II elliptical, posterior margin region with two rows of setae on median portion. Coxa III as wide as long, with setae on distal portion. Femur III rectangular, with posterior margin almost straight. Tibia III longer than wide, posterior margin with five rows of setae on apical portion.</p> <p> Abdomen. <i>Female</i>. Tergites and sternites with setae throughout length. Distal margin of the plates with a row of longer setae, almost equal in length. Dorsal view—Syntergite 1+2 whole with setae concentrating on the median portion of the plate. Tergites 3 to 5 whole and rectangular. Tergite 6 divided into two plates. Tergite 7 with rounded anterior margin and straight posterior margin. Ventral view—Sternite 1+2 whole, with ctenidium of 44 spines starting from margin of plate. Sternite 3 with a slit in the middle portion. Sternites 4 to 6 divided. Sternite 7 hexagonal with the median portion of the plate without setae.</p> <p> <i>Male</i>. Unknown.</p> <p> <b>Type host.</b> Unknown.</p> <p> <b>Type locality.</b> Unknown.</p> <p> <b>Geographic distribution.</b> Unknown.</p> <p> <b>Type material examined.</b> 1 ♀ [holotype, examined from photos], NHMUK, nº010369545. Bat nº35, no further data, N. C. Rothschild coll.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> The head was difficult to observe on the slide-mounted specimen, so it was not possible to assess the presence of setae. Theodor (1967) mentioned that the anterior margin of the head has four setae. Sternite 3 shows a small gap, almost imperceptible, probably due to poor preservation of the specimen.</p>Published as part of <i>Hrycyna, Gabriela & Graciolli, Gustavo, 2023, Hershkovitzia (Diptera: Nycteribiidae): revision, phylogeny, and cophylogeny, pp. 372-402 in Zootaxa 5346 (4)</i> on page 383, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5346.4.2, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/8390373">http://zenodo.org/record/8390373</a&gt

Hershkovitzia primitiva Guimaraes & D'Andretta 1956

<i>Hershkovitzia primitiva</i> Guimarães & D’Andretta, 1956 <p>(Figs 1–3, 9)</p> <p> <i>Hershkovitzia primitiva</i> Guimar „es & D’Andretta, 1956: 130, figs 213 (female head, ventral view), 214 (female head, dorsal view), 215 (male maxillary palp, ventral view), 216 (thecae and labella, ventral view), 217 (male thorax, dorsal view), 218 (male thorax, ventral view), 219 (lateral margin of male sternum), 220 (male leg I, anterior view), 221 (male leg II, anterior view), 222 (male leg III, anterior view), 223 (female abdomen, dorsal view), 224 (female abdomen, ventral view), 225 (female genital plate), 226 (male abdomen, dorsal view), 227 (male abdomen, ventral view), 228 (abdominal ctenidium spines, 229 (clasper, ventral view), 230 (female genital plate, paratype), 231 (male genitalia, frontal view), 232 (male genitalia, lateral view). References: Maa (1965: 379, checklist); Theodor (1967: 345, diagnosis); Guimar„es (1968: 4, catalog); Wilson (1978: 2, citation); Peterson & Lacey (1985: 580, citation; 581, key to females; 582, key to males); Bärtschi (2000: 6, citation); Graciolli (2001: 319, checklist; 320, distribution); Graciolli & Bernard (2002: 84, host); Graciolli <i>et al</i>. (2007: 155, catalog); Graciolli (2010: 1263, thorax, dorsal view; female abdomen, dorsal and ventral views; male abdomen, ventral view); Benedito & Cunha (2013: 166, citation); Frank <i>et al</i>. (2014: 120, catalog); Graciolli <i>et al</i>. (2016: 782, catalog); Hrycyna <i>et al</i>. (2022: 1, citation; 4, key to females; 5, key to males); Graciolli & Dick (2023: 6, checklist).</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> Eyes with a pair of associated setae located anteriorly. Gena with three setae. Postgena with three short setae. Palps dilated at their extremity, with 4–5 setae throughout their length and three setae at apex. Dorsal region of thorax with three setae: two located anteriorly at the notopleural suture, one located posteriorly on notopleural suture. Female with tergite 6 divided into two plates and sternites 3, 4, 5, and 6 divided into two plates. Male with all tergites and sternites whole.</p> <p> <b>Redescription.</b> Head. Dorsal view: eyes with a single lens and a pair of setae located anterior to them. Lateral view: gena and postgena with three setae each. Ventral view: palps dilated at their extremity, with 4–5 setae throughout their length and three setae at the apex. Thecae as wide as long, more than twice as long as labella.</p> <p>Thorax. Dorsal view: notopleural suture with three setae. Thoracic ctenidium with 12–14 spines. Thoracic spiracle pyriform. Ventral view: sternal plate with setae throughout its length; oblique suture right-angled. Coxa I longer than wide, conical, tapered proximally and with setae only in anterior region. Femur I longer than wide, laterally compressed, with setae throughout length and with one or two long setae in postero-distal region. Tibia I wider than long, laterally compressed, elliptical, with setae throughout its length. Posterior margin with four rows of setae in apical portion. Basitarsus of same size as next three tarsomeres. Coxa II longer than wide, with rare setae on distal margin. Femora II and III longer than wide, rectangular and with few setae throughout their length. Tibia II longer than wide, conical, tapering distally, posterior margin with two rows of setae on median portion. Coxa III as wide as long, triangular, with rare setae throughout its length. Tibia III longer than wide, posterior margin with five rows of setae in apical portion.</p> <p> Abdomen. <i>Female</i>. Tergites and sternites with few setae throughout their length. Distal margin of plates with a row of setae longer than the others and of different lengths. Dorsal view—Syntergite 1+2 and tergites 3 to 5 whole. Tergite 6 divided into two plates. Tergite 7 whole and short with a straight posterior margin and about 15 setae. Ventral view—Sternite 1+2 whole, short, rectangular. Ctenidium dense, with 52 to 57 spines, occupying entire posterior margin of sternite 1+2. Sternites 3 to 6 divided. Sternite 7 short, with rounded lateral margin and straight posterior margin with about 15 setae. <i>Male</i>. Tergites and sternites with few setae throughout their length. Distal margin of plates with a row of setae of different lengths. Dorsal view—Syntergite 1+2 whole and triangular. Tergites 3 to 5 whole, rectangular. Tergite 5 with two setae longer than the others on posterior margin of plate. Tergite 6 short, with six setae longer than the others at posterior margin. Anal plate with microtrichia throughout its length and setae only on posterior margin. Ventral view—Sternite 1+2 whole, with ctenidium of approximately 48 spines across posterior margin. Sternites 3 and 4 whole, rectangular. Sternite 5 with concave median distal margin and rounded lateral margin. Distal margin of sternite 5 with three short setae and more sclerotized than other sternites.</p> <p> <b>Type host.</b> <i>Thyroptera discifera</i> Lichtenstein & Peters, 1855.</p> <p> <b>Type locality.</b> Colombia, Bolivar, Sinú river, Socorré.</p> <p> <b>Geographic distribution.</b> Colombia (Bolivar) (Fig. 9).</p> <p> <b>Type material examined.</b> 1 ♀ and 1 ♁ [paratypes], MZUSP, nº46.107, host <i>T. discifera</i>. Colombia. Bolivar, Sinú river, Socorré, March 3, 1949, P. Hershkovitz coll.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> In their description of the species, Guimar„es & D’Andretta (1956) reported the presence of six tergites. They disregarded the presence of a syntergite owing to the presence of two spiracles associated with the first tergite plate. For this reason, the terminology of the ventral and dorsal plates was modified in the present work.</p>Published as part of <i>Hrycyna, Gabriela & Graciolli, Gustavo, 2023, Hershkovitzia (Diptera: Nycteribiidae): revision, phylogeny, and cophylogeny, pp. 372-402 in Zootaxa 5346 (4)</i> on pages 379-380, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5346.4.2, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/8390373">http://zenodo.org/record/8390373</a&gt

Hershkovitzia Guimaraes & D'Andretta 1956

Phylogeny of <i>Hershkovitzia</i> <p> Our search resulted in only one most parsimonious tree (Fig. 10). The results show <i>Hershkovitzia</i> as a monophyletic taxon supported by 11 synapomorphies (3:1; 5:1; 9:1; 12:1; 13:1; 14:1, 17:1; 18:1; 19:1; 24:2 and 25:1) in addition to four homoplasies (0:2, 11:1, 20:1 and 21:1). Bootstrap support was high (99%) for <i>Hershkovitzia</i>. Of the two internal clades, the Primitiva group received greater branch support (80%) than the Inaequalis group (79%). Bremer support was low for the internal clades (0, 1, 2 and 4), whereas it was high (11) for the generic clade. Character states used for each species are shown in Table 1.</p> <p> The analysis divided <i>Hershkovitzia</i> into two clades corresponding to the Primitiva and Inaequalis groups outlined above. The Primitiva group was supported by two synapomorphies (2:1 and 22:1), respectively for row of setae on tibia II and for the number of setae on the palp. Within the group, <i>H. coeca</i> was supported by one homoplasy (4:2—notopleural with two setae). <i>H. primitiva</i> and <i>H. cabala</i> were reconstructed as most close phylogenetically, supported by one homoplasy (1:1—dilation of the palps at both ends). The Inaequalis group is composed of the species <i>H. inaequalis</i>, <i>H. mariae</i> and <i>Hershkovitzia autinoae</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> and was supported by two synapomorphies (6:2 and 15:1): oblique suture obtuse-angled and abdominal ctenidium covering middle third of posterior margin of sternite 1+2; and one homoplasy (23:1): tibia II with row of setae apically. <i>Hershkovitzia autinoae</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> was supported by one synapomorphy (14:3—presence of two setae on female tergite 7). The species <i>H. inaequalis</i> and <i>H. mariae</i> clustered together, supported by two synapomorphies (0:3—six setae in the eyes, three setae on each eye and 10:1—female with tergite 5 whole) and two homoplasies (1:1—dilation of the palps at both ends and 16:1—sternite 3 divided in female).</p>Published as part of <i>Hrycyna, Gabriela & Graciolli, Gustavo, 2023, Hershkovitzia (Diptera: Nycteribiidae): revision, phylogeny, and cophylogeny, pp. 372-402 in Zootaxa 5346 (4)</i> on page 392, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5346.4.2, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/8390373">http://zenodo.org/record/8390373</a&gt