Development of average daily air pollution index during the early and late growing phases of winter wheat during 2001–2012.

Development of average daily air pollution index during the early and late growing phases of winter wheat during 2001–2012.</p

Partial correlation of air pollution index with weather factors controlled for cloud cover at different growing phases of winter wheat based on daily data of 12 winter wheat seasons.

Partial correlation of air pollution index with weather factors controlled for cloud cover at different growing phases of winter wheat based on daily data of 12 winter wheat seasons.</p

The genetic parameters used in APSIM model for the winter wheat during the 2001–2012 seasons.

<p>The genetic parameters used in APSIM model for the winter wheat during the 2001–2012 seasons.</p

Validation plots of the APSIM-Wheat model simulation with field-observed crop yield.

<p>Validation plots of the APSIM-Wheat model simulation with field-observed crop yield.</p

The seasonal yield variation of winter wheat from 2001 to 2012 under optimal management practices.

The seasonal yield variation of winter wheat from 2001 to 2012 under optimal management practices.</p

The relationships between air pollution index at different growing phases with grain yield of winter wheat.

<p>The relationships between air pollution index at different growing phases with grain yield of winter wheat.</p

Table_1_Long-Term Amelioration Practices Reshape the Soil Microbiome in a Coastal Saline Soil and Alter the Richness and Vertical Distribution Differently Among Bacterial, Archaeal, and Fungal Communities.XLSX

Globally soil salinity is one of the most devastating environmental stresses affecting agricultural systems and causes huge economic losses each year. High soil salinity causes osmotic stress, nutritional imbalance and ion toxicity to plants and severely affects crop productivity in farming systems. Freezing saline water irrigation and plastic mulching techniques were successfully developed in our previous study to desalinize costal saline soil. Understanding how microbial communities respond during saline soil amelioration is crucial, given the key roles soil microbes play in ecosystem succession. In the present study, the community composition, diversity, assembly and potential ecological functions of archaea, bacteria and fungi in coastal saline soil under amelioration practices of freezing saline water irrigation, plastic mulching and the combination of freezing saline water irrigation and plastic mulching were assessed through high-throughput sequencing. These amelioration practices decreased archaeal and increased bacterial richness while leaving fungal richness little changed in the surface soil. Functional prediction revealed that the amelioration practices, especially winter irrigation with saline water and film mulched in spring, promoted a community harboring heterotrophic features. β-null deviation analysis illustrated that amelioration practices weakened the deterministic processes in structuring coastal saline soil microbial communities. These results advanced our understanding of the responses of the soil microbiome to amelioration practices and provided useful information for developing microbe-based remediation approaches in coastal saline soils.</p

Average values and standard deviations (kg/ha) of simulated wheat yields over the 12 growing seasons for different scenario combinations of increasing and decreasing radiation during early and late growing phases during 2001–2012; percentage changes compared to the observed yields under actual radiation conditions during 2001–2012 are given in brackets.

<p>Average values and standard deviations (kg/ha) of simulated wheat yields over the 12 growing seasons for different scenario combinations of increasing and decreasing radiation during early and late growing phases during 2001–2012; percentage changes compared to the observed yields under actual radiation conditions during 2001–2012 are given in brackets.</p

Data_Sheet_1_Long-Term Amelioration Practices Reshape the Soil Microbiome in a Coastal Saline Soil and Alter the Richness and Vertical Distribution Differently Among Bacterial, Archaeal, and Fungal Communities.docx

Globally soil salinity is one of the most devastating environmental stresses affecting agricultural systems and causes huge economic losses each year. High soil salinity causes osmotic stress, nutritional imbalance and ion toxicity to plants and severely affects crop productivity in farming systems. Freezing saline water irrigation and plastic mulching techniques were successfully developed in our previous study to desalinize costal saline soil. Understanding how microbial communities respond during saline soil amelioration is crucial, given the key roles soil microbes play in ecosystem succession. In the present study, the community composition, diversity, assembly and potential ecological functions of archaea, bacteria and fungi in coastal saline soil under amelioration practices of freezing saline water irrigation, plastic mulching and the combination of freezing saline water irrigation and plastic mulching were assessed through high-throughput sequencing. These amelioration practices decreased archaeal and increased bacterial richness while leaving fungal richness little changed in the surface soil. Functional prediction revealed that the amelioration practices, especially winter irrigation with saline water and film mulched in spring, promoted a community harboring heterotrophic features. β-null deviation analysis illustrated that amelioration practices weakened the deterministic processes in structuring coastal saline soil microbial communities. These results advanced our understanding of the responses of the soil microbiome to amelioration practices and provided useful information for developing microbe-based remediation approaches in coastal saline soils.</p

Relationships of relative radiation gap with the final grain yield of winter wheat during the early and late growing phases during 2001–2012.

<p>Relationships of relative radiation gap with the final grain yield of winter wheat during the early and late growing phases during 2001–2012.</p