Smoke passing a static ball.

Smoke passing a static ball.</p

Moving object passing through smoke.

The first column is a translation ball. The second column is a bunny with translation and rotation.</p

Our boundary treatment method.

The gray point is the boundary sampling point; the orange point is the generated vortex particle; is the induced velocity of flow at the boundary sampling position.</p

Smoke forming the words ‘PLOS One’ and passing through some obstacles.

Smoke forming the words ‘PLOS One’ and passing through some obstacles.</p

Colliding vortex rings with different <i>δ</i> at frames 400.

Two regions of red and blue ink are initialized to show the motion of vortex rings. Left: δ = 0.4; middle: δ = 0.8; right: δ = 1.</p

Performance of the nested grid method.

Performance of the nested grid method.</p

Colliding vortex rings using different methods.

The first row: the MacCormack solver; the second row: our method.</p

Schematic diagram of the nested grid algorithm.

(a) Distribution of vortex particles; the red point is the inquiring position, p, and the blue points are the vortex particles. (b) Structure of the nested grid. (c) Distribution of super vortex particles.</p

Performance statistics of smoke simulations.

Performance statistics of smoke simulations.</p

S1 Video -

(MP4)</p