Additional file 1 of A comparative study on deep learning models for text classification of unstructured medical notes with various levels of class imbalance

Additional file 1: Appendix: Table 4. Model Performance Evaluation Metrics (Average of 10 Iterations). Table 5. Model Performance Evaluation Metrics (Average of 10 Iterations) - CNN with/without Pre-trained Word Embeddings. Table 6. Model Performance Evaluation Metrics (Average of 10 Iterations) - RNN with/without Pre-trained Word Embeddings. Table 7. Model Performance Evaluation Metrics (Average of 10 Iterations) - GRU with/without Pre-trained Word Embeddings. Table 8. Model Performance Evaluation Metrics (Average of 10 Iterations) - LSTM with/without Pre-trained Word Embeddings. Table 9. Model Performance Evaluation Metrics (Average of 10 Iterations) - Bi-LSTM with/without Pre-trained Word Embeddings

Summary statistics of the patients’ Alzheimer’s disease medications use.

Summary statistics of the patients’ Alzheimer’s disease medications use.</p

Summary statistics of the distribution of patients’ comorbidities.

Summary statistics of the distribution of patients’ comorbidities.</p

Summary statistics of the average number of hospital or emergency department visits per year.

Summary statistics of the average number of hospital or emergency department visits per year.</p

Differences of causal effects of treatment on average number of hospital or emergency department visits and 95% confidence intervals.

Differences of causal effects of treatment on average number of hospital or emergency department visits and 95% confidence intervals.</p

Summary statistics of the patients’ demographic characteristics.

Summary statistics of the patients’ demographic characteristics.</p

Development and Mechanism Investigation of Novel Thioacetalized Indoles as Antiphytoviral Agents

Potato virus Y (PVY) is a highly destructive pathogen that infects Solanum tuberosumvL., commonly known as potato, a crop that produces one of the most crucial food staples of the world. The PVY viral infection can considerably reduce the yield and quality of potatoes, thereby causing significant economic ramifications. Given the unsatisfactory performance of commercially available antiviral agents against PVY, we synthesized a series of novel indole-derived compounds followed by their bioevaluation and investigation of the mechanisms governing their anti-PVY activity. These indole-based derivatives contain dithioacetal as a key chemical moiety, and most of them exhibit promising anti-PVY activities. In particular, compound B2 displays remarkable in vivo protective and inactivating properties, with half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) values of 209.3 and 113.0 μg/mL, respectively, in stark contrast to commercial agents such as ningnanmycin (EC50 = 281.4 and 136.3 μg/mL, respectively) and ribavirin (EC50 = 744.8 and 655.4 μg/mL, respectively). The mechanism using which B2 enhances plant immune response to protect plants from PVY is elucidated using enzyme activity tests, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and proteomics techniques. This study aims to pave the way for developing candidate pesticides and related molecules using antiphytoviral activity

Casual effect of treatment on the average number of hospital or emergency department visits and 95% confidence intervals.

Casual effect of treatment on the average number of hospital or emergency department visits and 95% confidence intervals.</p

Flowchart of data preprocessing steps.

Alzheimer’s disease is the most common type of dementia that currently affects over 6.5 million people in the U.S. Currently there is no cure and the existing drug therapies attempt to delay the mental decline and improve cognitive abilities. Two of the most commonly prescribed such drugs are Donepezil and Memantine. We formally tested and confirmed the presence of a beneficial drug-drug interaction of Donepezil and Memantine using a causal inference analysis. We applied doubly robust estimators to one of the largest and high-quality medical databases to estimate the effect of two commonly prescribed Alzheimer’s disease (AD) medications, Donepezil and Memantine, on the average number of hospital or emergency department visits per year among patients diagnosed with AD. Our results show that, compared to the absence of medication scenario, the Memantine monotherapy, and the Donepezil monotherapy, the combined use of Donepezil and Memantine treatment significantly reduces the average number of hospital or emergency department visits per year by 0.078 (13.8%), 0.144 (25.5%), and 0.132 days (23.4%), respectively. The assessed decline in the average number of hospital or emergency department visits per year is consequently associated with a substantial reduction in medical costs. As of 2022, according to the Alzheimer’s Disease Association, there were over 6.5 million individuals aged 65 and older living with AD in the US alone. If patients who are currently on no drug treatment or using either Donepezil or Memantine alone were switched to the combined used of Donepezil and Memantine therapy, the average number of hospital or emergency department visits could decrease by over 613 thousand visits per year. This, in turn, would lead to a remarkable reduction in medical expenses associated with hospitalization of AD patients in the US, totaling over 940 million dollars per year.</div

Development and Mechanism Investigation of Novel Thioacetalized Indoles as Antiphytoviral Agents

Potato virus Y (PVY) is a highly destructive pathogen that infects Solanum tuberosumvL., commonly known as potato, a crop that produces one of the most crucial food staples of the world. The PVY viral infection can considerably reduce the yield and quality of potatoes, thereby causing significant economic ramifications. Given the unsatisfactory performance of commercially available antiviral agents against PVY, we synthesized a series of novel indole-derived compounds followed by their bioevaluation and investigation of the mechanisms governing their anti-PVY activity. These indole-based derivatives contain dithioacetal as a key chemical moiety, and most of them exhibit promising anti-PVY activities. In particular, compound B2 displays remarkable in vivo protective and inactivating properties, with half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) values of 209.3 and 113.0 μg/mL, respectively, in stark contrast to commercial agents such as ningnanmycin (EC50 = 281.4 and 136.3 μg/mL, respectively) and ribavirin (EC50 = 744.8 and 655.4 μg/mL, respectively). The mechanism using which B2 enhances plant immune response to protect plants from PVY is elucidated using enzyme activity tests, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and proteomics techniques. This study aims to pave the way for developing candidate pesticides and related molecules using antiphytoviral activity