Additional file 1 of Porcine circovirus type 2 exploits JNK-mediated disruption of tight junctions to facilitate Streptococcus suis translocation across the tracheal epithelium

Additional file 1. Immunofluorescence staining of ZO-1 and occludin in the lungs

Additional file 2 of Porcine circovirus type 2 exploits JNK-mediated disruption of tight junctions to facilitate Streptococcus suis translocation across the tracheal epithelium

Additional file 2. CFU number of adherent bacteria to STEC per well. The results are shown as mean ± SD of five independent experiments

Synthesis of Galabiose-chitosan Conjugate as Potent Inhibitor of Streptococcus suis Adhesion

The aim of this work is to construct a safe and effective drug candidate against Streptococcus suis infection. A panel of chitosan-based polymer conjugates with branched galabiose (Galα1−4Gal) side chains was synthesized as inhibitors of S. suis adhesion. The synthesis was achieved by using an aldehyde-functionalized galabiose derivative to graft it onto chitosan amino groups. Structural compositions of the conjugates were verified by 1H NMR spectroscopy and CHN elemental analyses. Potent inhibitory activities of the conjugates against S. suis adhesion to human erythrocytes were determined at low nanomolar concentration by HAI assay. An SPR study revealed a high affinity binding (Kd = 39.6 nM) of the conjugate with BSI-B4 lectin. By using biocompatible chitosan as the scaffold for presenting S. suis-specific galabiose units, as well as the concise route tailored for the conjugate syntheses, the present study provides a practical way for explorations of new anti-S. suis therapies

GO category based on biological process for differentially expressed genes.

<p>(A) The significant GO category for upregulated genes. (B) The significant GO category for downregulated genes. P-value<0.05 and FDR<0.05 were used as a threshold to select significant GO categories. LgP is the logarithm of P-value.</p

KEGG pathway analysis for differentially expressed genes.

<p>The significant pathway for downregulated genes. P-value<0.05 and FDR<0.05 were used as a threshold to select significant KEGG pathways. LgP is the logarithm of P-value to the base 10.</p

STRING analysis of the relationship between DE genes.

<p>The DE genes between PAM infected with S. zooepidemicus WD and KO were analyzed using the STRING database (<a href="http://string90.embl.de" target="_blank">http://string90.embl.de</a>). The network nodes represent the proteins encoded by the DE genes. Seven different colored lines link a number of nodes and represent seven types of evidence used in predicting associations. A red line indicates the presence of fusion evidence; a green line represents neighborhood evidence; a blue line represents coocurrence evidence; a purple line represents experimental evidence; a yellow line represents textmining evidence; a light blue line represents database evidence and a black line represents coexpression evidence. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of the article.)</p

Additional file 3 of Porcine circovirus type 2 exploits JNK-mediated disruption of tight junctions to facilitate Streptococcus suis translocation across the tracheal epithelium

Additional file 3. CFU number of invasive bacteria to STEC per well. The results are shown as mean ± SD of five independent experiments

Real-time quantitative RT-PCR.

<p>Real-time quantitative RT-PCR.</p

Degree of key genes in gene network of SS2-infected A/J mice.

<p>Degree of key genes in gene network of SS2-infected A/J mice.</p

Confirmation of BeadChips results by qRT-PCR.

<p>Confirmation of BeadChips results by qRT-PCR.</p