Keragaman Genetik Dan Pendugaan Jumlah Gen Ketahanan Kacang Panjang (Vigna Sinensis L.) Terhadap Penyakit Kuning

Penyakit kuning pada kacang panjang berdampak pada penurunan produksi. Gejala serangan diawali dari gejala daun keriting serta mengakibatkan polong berwarna kuning. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui nilai heritabilitas dan ragam genetik serta menduga jumlah gen pengendali ketahanan kacang panjang terhadap penyakit kuning. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kabupaten Kediri pada bulan April sampai Juli 2013. Bahan penelitian adalah populasi UB 715 A (P1), Hitam Putih (P2), populasi F1 dan populasi F2. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, populasi UB 715 A (P1 ) menunjukkan respon tahan terhadap penyakit kuning, populasi Hitam Putih (P2) menunjukkan respon rentan, dan populasi F1 dan F2 menunjukkan respon sedang. Karakter jumlah polong dan jumlah biji per tanaman memiliki keragaman yang sempit sedangkan karakter panjang polong, bobot segar polong, umur berbunga, dan umur panen memiliki keragaman yang luas. Karakter panjang polong dan jumlah biji per polong memiliki nilai heritabilitas rendah, sedangkan karakter jumlah polong, bobot segar polong, umur berbunga, dan umur panen memiliki nilai heritabilitas tinggi. Rasio sifat ketahanan terhadap penyakit kuning pada populasi F2 adalah 9 tahan : 3 sedang : 4 rentan yang berarti ketahanan terhadap penyakit kuning dikendalikan oleh dua gen dengan aksi gen epistasis resesif

Changes of liver and renal function of GK rats fed with high fat diet.

<p>Serum ALT, AST, BUN and creatinine concentrations were measured using commercial kits on Hitachi 7020 clinical analyzer. Values represent means±SEM for 10 rats in each group on week 4 after intervention. On week 16, there left 7 rats in group ND, 6 in group HFD and 6 in group HFD-QH.</p>*<p>, ** and *** denote <i>P</i><0.05, <i>P</i><0.01 and <i>P</i><0.001 versus group ND.</p>##<p>denotes <i>P</i><0.01 versus group HFD.</p><p>ALT: Alanine Transaminase; AST: Aspartate Aminotransferase; BUN: Blood Urea Nitrogen; Cr: Creatinine. ND: normal diet; HFD: high fat diet; HFD-QH: high fat diet plus QHYH 3 ml/Kg/day.</p

QHYH improved the exacerbated glucose tolerance induced by high fat diet in GK rats.

<p>Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests (2 mg/Kg body weight of glucose) were performed on rats randomly chosen from each group. Tests were done without anesthetics. Serum glucose concentrations during IPGTT of each group after 4 weeks of intervention (A) and 16 weeks of intervention (B), and area under the curve of different groups (C) were presented. Serum insulin concentrations during IPGTT of each group after 4 weeks (D) and 16 weeks of intervention (E), and area under the curve of different groups (F) were also presented. Values and bars represent means±SEM for 5 rats per group. *, ** and *** denote <i>P</i><0.05, <i>P</i><0.01 and <i>P</i><0.001 respectively versus group ND.</p

QHYH had no effect on oxidative products inside islets after 16 weeks of intervention.

<p>Immunohistochemical staining of nitrotyrosine (A) and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (B) was performed on 5 rats randomly chosen from each group. An islet is encircled in each quandrant. Black arrows point to islets of Langerhans (Original magnification ×200). Percentage of immunohistochemial positive staining area in islet out of the area of corresponding islet (C, D) was presented. Values and bars represent means±SEM. * and ** denote <i>P</i><0.05 and <i>P</i><0.001 versus group ND.</p

QHYH decreased hyperglycemia exacerbated by high fat diet in GK rats.

<p>Fasting serum glucose concentrations of each group during 16 weeks of intervention (A), feeding serum glucose concentrations of each group from the beginning to week 10 of the study (B), and glycosylated serum proetin concentrations of each group measured every 4 weeks (C) were presented. Values and bars represent means±SEM at each time point. *, ** and *** denote <i>P</i><0.05, <i>P</i><0.01 and <i>P</i><0.001 respectively versus group ND. △ and △△ denote <i>P</i><0.05 and <i>P</i><0.01 versus group HFD.</p

QHYH prevented the further loss of β cells mass induced by high fat diet.

<p>Pictures of haematoxylin and eosin staining of pancreas of GK rats from each group (A) and insulin immunohistochemical staining of pancreas of GK rats from each group (B) were presented. An islet is encircled in each quadrant. Black arrows point to islets of Langerhans. (Original magnification ×200). Islet β cell mass calculated by multiplying the pancreas weight (mg) by the percentage of β cell area out of islet area (%) and the percentage of islet area out of pancreas area (%) was presented (C). Ratio of AUCinsulin to AUCglucose (0–2 h) after 4 weeks and 16 weeks of intervention was shown (D). n = 5 in each group. Values and bars represent means±SEM. * denotes <i>P</i><0.05 versus group ND.</p

QHYH further increased body weight of GK rats fed with high fat diet.

<p>Body weight of rats from each group (A), body weight gain after 16 weeks of intervention (B), ratio of epididymal fat to body weight after 16 weeks of intervention (C) and the average calorie intake of each rat from different groups (D) were presented. ND: normal diet; HFD: high fat diet; HFD-QH: high fat diet plus 3 ml/Kg/day QHYH given via gastric tube twice a day. Values and bars represent means±SEM at each time point. *denote <i>P</i><0.05 for chance differences versus group ND. △ denotes <i>P</i><0.05 versus group HFD.</p

QHYH alleviated oxidative stress in GK rats fed with high fat diet only after 4 weeks of intervention.

<p>Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations (A), and activities of serum anti-oxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) (B), SOD (C), and catalase (CAT) (D) of each group were measured using fasting blood sample taken on week 4 and week 16 after intervention respectively. Values and bars represent means±SEM at each time point. There were 10 rats from each group on week 4 after intervention. On week 16, there survived 7 rats in group ND, 6 rats in group HFD, and 6 in group HFD-QH. * and ** denote <i>P</i><0.05 and <i>P</i><0.01 respectively compared versus group ND. △ and △△ denote <i>P</i><0.05 and <i>P</i><0.01 respectively versus group HFD.</p

Effects of Successive Rotation Regimes on Carbon Stocks in Eucalyptus Plantations in Subtropical China Measured over a Full Rotation

<div><p>Plantations play an important role in carbon sequestration and the global carbon cycle. However, there is a dilemma in that most plantations are managed on short rotations, and the carbon sequestration capacities of these short-rotation plantations remain understudied. Eucalyptus has been widely planted in the tropics and subtropics due to its rapid growth, high adaptability, and large economic return. Eucalyptus plantations are primarily planted in successive rotations with a short rotation length of 6~8 years. In order to estimate the carbon-stock potential of eucalyptus plantations over successive rotations, we chose a first rotation (FR) and a second rotation (SR) stand and monitored the carbon stock dynamics over a full rotation from 1998 to 2005. Our results showed that carbon stock in eucalyptus trees (TC) did not significantly differ between rotations, while understory vegetation (UC) and soil organic matter (SOC) stored less carbon in the SR (1.01 vs. 2.76 Mg.ha^-1 and 70.68 vs. 81.08 Mg. ha^-1, respectively) and forest floor carbon (FFC) conversely stored more (2.80 vs. 2.34 Mg. ha^-1). The lower UC and SOC stocks in the SR stand resulted in 1.13 times lower overall ecosystem carbon stock. Mineral soils and overstory trees were the two dominant carbon pools in eucalyptus plantations, accounting for 73.77%~75.06% and 20.50%~22.39%, respectively, of the ecosystem carbon pool. However, the relative contribution (to the ecosystem pool) of FFC stocks increased 1.38 times and that of UC decreased 2.30 times in the SR versus FR stand. These carbon pool changes over successive rotations were attributed to intensive successive rotation regimes of eucalyptus plantations. Our eight year study suggests that for the sustainable development of short-rotation plantations, a sound silvicultural strategy is required to achieve the best combination of high wood yield and carbon stock potential.</p></div

Results of ANOVAs analyzing the effects of rotation (first vs. second), year (1–8 years) and their interaction on the relative contributions of eucalyptus trees (TC), understory vegetation (UC), forest floor litter (FFC), and soil organic matter (SOC) to the whole ecosystem carbon pool.

<p>Significant results (<i>p</i><0.05) are shown in bold.</p