Methodological evolution and frontiers of identifying, modeling and preventing secondary crashes on highways

© 2018 Elsevier Ltd Secondary crashes (SCs) or crashes that occur within the boundaries of the impact area of prior, primary crashes are one of the incident types that frequently affect highway traffic operations and safety. Existing studies have made great efforts to explore the underlying mechanisms of SCs and relevant methodologies have been e volving over the last two decades concerning the identification, modeling, and prevention of these crashes. So far there is a lack of a detailed examination on the progress, lessons, and potential opportunities regarding existing achievements in SC-related studies. This paper provides a comprehensive investigation of the state-of-the-art approaches; examines their strengths and weaknesses; and provides guidance in exploiting new directions in SC-related research. It aims to support researchers and practitioners in understanding well-established approaches so as to further explore the frontiers. Published studies focused on SCs since 1997 have been identified, reviewed, and summarized. Key issues concentrated on the following aspects are discussed: (i) static/dynamic approaches to identify SCs; (ii) parametric/non-parametric models to analyze SC risk, and (iii) deployable countermeasures to prevent SCs. Based on the examined issues, needs, and challenges, this paper further provides insights into potential opportunities such as: (a) fusing data from multiple sources for SC identification, (b) using advanced learning algorithms for real-time SC analysis, and (c) deploying connected vehicles for SC prevention in future research. This paper contributes to the research community by providing a one-stop reference for research on secondary crashes

Secondary collisions and injury severity: A joint analysis using structural equation models

<p><b>Objective</b>: This study aims to investigate the contributing factors to secondary collisions and the effects of secondary collisions on injury severity levels. Manhattan, which is the most densely populated urban area of New York City, is used as a case study. In Manhattan, about 7.5% of crash events become involved with secondary collisions and as high as 9.3% of those secondary collisions lead to incapacitating and fatal injuries.</p> <p><b>Methods</b>: Structural equation models (SEMs) are proposed to jointly model the presence of secondary collisions and injury severity levels and adjust for the endogeneity effects. The structural relationship among secondary collisions, injury severity, and contributing factors such as speeding, alcohol, fatigue, brake defects, limited view, and rain are fully explored using SEMs. In addition, to assess the temporal effects, we use time as a moderator in the proposed SEM framework.</p> <p><b>Results</b>: Due to its better performance compared with other models, the SEM with no constraint is used to investigate the contributing factors to secondary collisions. Thirteen explanatory variables are found to contribute to the presence of secondary collisions, including alcohol, drugs, inattention, inexperience, sleep, control disregarded, speeding, fatigue, defective brakes, pedestrian involved, defective pavement, limited view, and rain. Regarding the temporal effects, results indicate that it is more likely to sustain secondary collisions and severe injuries at night.</p> <p><b>Conclusions</b>: This study fully investigates the contributing factors to secondary collisions and estimates the safety effects of secondary collisions after adjusting for the endogeneity effects and shows the advantage of using SEMs in exploring the structural relationship between risk factors and safety indicators. Understanding the causes and impacts of secondary collisions can help transportation agencies and automobile manufacturers develop effective injury prevention countermeasures.</p

Supplementary document for Tunable ultra-narrowband filter based on the metal-cladding resonant waveguide - 6134260.pdf

Dispersion properties, ultrahigh order modes, the ATR dips of the ultrahigh-order modes are discrete, the wavelength variation relationship with the incident angle of light, experimental results of the waveguide</p

Highly Uniform Platinum Icosahedra Made by Hot Injection-Assisted GRAILS Method

Highly uniform Pt icosahedral nanocrystals with an edge length of 8.8 nm were synthesized in nonhydrolytic systems using the hot injection-assisted GRAILS (gas reducing agent in liquid solution) method. The results show the key factors for the shape control include fast nucleation, kinetically controlled growth, and protection from oxidation by air. The effect of oxygen molecules on the Pt morphology was experimentally confirmed based on the study of shape evolution of icosahedral crystals upon exposure to oxygen gas. The Pt icosahedral catalysts obtained had an area-specific activity of 0.83 mA/cm² Pt, four times that of 0.20 mA/cm² Pt for typical Pt/C catalysts, in an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR)

Pt@Nb-TiO₂ Catalyst Membranes Fabricated by Electrospinning and Atomic Layer Deposition

A facile method was developed to fabricate fibrous membranes of niobium-doped titania-supported platinum catalysts (Pt@Nb-TiO₂) by a two-step approach. The process started with generating niobium-doped titania (Nb-TiO₂) fibrous membranes by electrospinning, followed by the deposition of Pt nanoparticles (NPs) using an atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique. The area-specific oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity of Pt@TiO₂ catalyst membrane was increased by ∼20 folds if 10 at.% of Nb was incorporated into the ceramic fibers. The area-specific activity also increased with the number of ALD cycles, because of the increase of the Pt loading in the catalysts. After post-treatment of the catalyst membrane at high temperature in H₂-containing atmosphere, the ORR activity became 0.28 mA/cm²_Pt at 0.9 V (vs RHE), because of the improvement in conductivity of Nb-TiO₂ fibers and better crystalinity of Pt NPs. The results of accelerated-stability test showed that the Pt@Nb-TiO₂ catalyst membrane was highly stable and lost only 10% of its initial activity after 30 000 potential cycles (0.6 to 1.0 V vs RHE) under a strong acidic condition

S3 File -

BackgroundSolute carrier family 35 member A2 (SLC35A2) located on the X chromosome is considered involved in the UDP-galactose transport from cytosol to Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum. It has been reported that the SLC35A2 expression is associated with carcinogenesis in recent studies, however, its specific roles in cancer progression have not been exhaustively elucidated. Herein, a system analysis was conducted to evaluate the role of SLC35A2 in prognostic, and immunology in stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD).MethodsThe TIMER, GEPIA, UALCAN, Kaplan–Meier Plotter were employed to explore the SLC35A2 expression pattern and prognostic value in STAD. Genomic alterations were searched through the MEXPRESS and cBioPortal platforms. The LinkedOmics, GEPIA and Metascape databases were employed to explore the biological processes. The TIMER and TISIDB websites were utilized to investigate the relationships between SLC35A2 expression and immune cell infiltration. The associations between SLC35A2 expression and tumor mutational burden (TMB), microsatellite instability (MSI) in pan-cancer were explored using the SangerBox database.ResultsCompared to the normal gastric mucosa, SLC35A2 expression was significantly increased in STAD tissues, accompanied by the robust relationships with tumor grade, histological subtypes, TP53 mutation status, TMB and prognosis. SLC35A2 and its co-expression genes played the primarily roles in purine metabolism and purinosome, including the asparagine N-linked glycosylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, regulation of transcription involved in G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle, with the potential to participate in the regulation of VEGFA-VEGFR2 signaling pathway. Concurrently, SLC35A2 expression was correlated with macrophages and CD4+T lymphocytes infiltration in STAD.ConclusionsOur study has proposed that SLC35A2 correlated with immune cell infiltration could serve as a prognostic biomarker in STAD.</div

Expression pattern and prognostic value of SLC35A2 in STAD.

(A) Differences in the expression of SLAC35A2 in cancer tissues and normal tissues (TIMER 2.0). (B) Differences in the expression of SLAC35A2 in STAD cancer tissues and normal tissues (GEPIA). (C–E) Differences in the expression, promoter methylation, and protein levels of SLC35A2 in STAD primary tumor and normal tissues, respectively (UCLCAN). (F, G) Difference of SLC35A2 expression in OS, DFS of STAD patients (GEPIA). (H–J) Difference of SLC35A2 expression in OS, FP, PPS of STAD patients, respectively (Kaplan–Meier Plotter).</p

Relationship between SLC35A2 levels and 28 tumor immunoinfiltrating cell subtypes using TISIDB.

Relationship between SLC35A2 levels and 28 tumor immunoinfiltrating cell subtypes using TISIDB.</p

Functional enrichment analyses of SLC35A2.

(A) Expression pattern of PMM2 in STAD cancer and normal tissue. (B) Relationship between PMM2 and SLC35A2 in STAD. (C) Prognostic value of PMM2 in STAD. (D) Expression pattern of FTSJ1 in STAD cancer and normal tissue. (E) Relationship between FTSJ1 and SLC35A2 in STAD. (F) Prognostic value of FTSJ1 in STAD. (G) Nodes in the same enrichment network colored by P value, as shown in the legend, where the darker color represented the more significant node (see legend for P value ranges). (H) The enrichment of SLC35A2–related genes mainly in asparagine N-linked glycosylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, metabolism of RNA, etc. showed by Go analysis.</p

Additional file 1 of Increasing ratio of opportunistic infections associated with sunshine exposure and economic level burdening Chinese inflammatory bowel disease hospitalized patients: the first nationwide survey from 2014 to 2019

Supplementary Material